A-Level AQA Geography: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | A-Level AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level AQA Geography: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | A-Level AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is essential for success in AQA A-Level Geography. This guide arranges crucial terms by topic and provides clear English-Chinese bilingual definitions, making it easier to recall precise meanings during revision and in exams.

掌握关键术语是AQA A-Level地理考试成功的关键。本指南按专题整理核心词汇，并提供清晰的中英双语定义，帮助你在复习和考试中准确记忆术语含义。

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1. The Hydrological Cycle | 水文循环

Evaporation: The process by which liquid water, mainly from oceans and lakes, turns into water vapour under the influence of solar energy.

蒸发: 液态水（主要来自海洋和湖泊）在太阳能量作用下转变为水蒸气的过程。

Transpiration: The loss of water vapour from plants through tiny pores called stomata in their leaves.

蒸腾: 植物通过叶片上的微小气孔散失水蒸气的过程。

Infiltration: The downward movement of water from the surface into the soil, controlled by soil porosity and saturation levels.

下渗: 水从地表向下进入土壤的过程，受土壤孔隙度和饱和度控制。

Surface runoff: Water that flows over the land surface when the ground is impermeable, saturated, or when rainfall intensity exceeds infiltration capacity.

地表径流: 当地面不透水、饱和或降雨强度超过下渗能力时，在地表流动的水。

Groundwater flow: The very slow movement of water through underlying permeable rocks below the water table, contributing to baseflow in rivers.

地下水流动: 水在地下水位以下的可渗透岩石中极其缓慢地运动，为河流提供基流。

Interception: Precipitation that is caught and temporarily stored on leaves, branches and stems of vegetation before it reaches the ground.

截留: 降水在到达地面前被植被的叶、枝和茎截获并暂时储存的过程。

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2. River Processes | 河流过程

Hydraulic action: The force of water compressing air in cracks and joints in the river bed and banks, causing them to weaken and break apart.

水力作用: 水流力量压缩河床和河岸裂缝中的空气，导致岩层弱化并崩解。

Abrasion: The wearing away of the river bed and banks by the load of sand, pebbles and boulders rubbing against them, acting like sandpaper.

磨蚀: 河流携带的沙、卵石和砾石像砂纸一样摩擦河床与河岸，使其磨损。

Attrition: The process by which transported particles collide with each other, becoming smaller, smoother and more rounded over time.

磨圆: 被搬运的颗粒之间相互碰撞，逐渐变小、变光滑、变圆的过程。

Solution (Corrosion): The chemical action of slightly acidic river water dissolving soluble minerals in rocks such as limestone and chalk.

溶蚀: 具有微弱酸性的河水化学溶解石灰岩、白垩等可溶性岩石矿物的过程。

Suspension: The transport of very fine, light particles (silt and clay) held within the river flow without touching the bed.

悬移: 非常细小的轻颗粒（粉砂和黏土）在河水中悬浮搬运，不接触河床。

Deposition: The laying down of sediment that occurs when the river loses velocity and energy, usually on the inside of meanders or near the mouth.

沉积: 当河流流速和能量下降时，沉积物沉降的过程，多发生在河曲内侧或河口附近。

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3. Coastal Landscapes | 海岸景观

Fetch: The uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows across open water to generate waves; a longer fetch creates more powerful waves.

风区长度: 风在开阔水面上不受阻碍地吹拂以生成波浪的距离；风区越长，波浪能量越大。

Constructive waves: Low-frequency, low-height waves with a strong swash and weak backwash that deposit material and build up a beach.

建设性波浪: 频率低、波高小、冲流强而回流弱的波浪，能够堆积物质并建造海滩。

Destructive waves: High-frequency, steep waves with a strong backwash that removes sediment from the shore and causes beach erosion.

破坏性波浪: 频率高、波陡大、回流强的波浪，冲走海岸沉积物并造成海滩侵蚀。

Longshore drift: The transport of beach sediment along the coast by wave action approaching the shore at an angle, carrying sand and pebbles in a zigzag pattern.

沿岸漂流: 波浪以一定角度拍打海岸，形成锯齿状运动，使海滩沉积物沿海岸搬运的过程。

Mass movement: The downslope movement of soil and rock under gravity, including landslides, slumping and rockfalls, often triggered by heavy rain or undercutting.

块体运动: 土壤和岩石在重力作用下沿坡面向下移动，包括滑坡、崩塌、坠落等，常由暴雨或掏蚀触发。

Cliff retreat: The landward erosion of a cliff face caused by wave attack, weathering and mass movement, leading to the gradual loss of cliff-top land.

悬崖后退: 由波浪冲击、风化和块体运动共同引起的崖面陆向侵蚀，导致崖顶土地逐渐丧失。

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4. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害

Convergent boundary: A plate margin where two tectonic plates move towards each other, often resulting in subduction, earthquakes and explosive volcanism.

汇聚型边界: 两个板块相向移动的边界，常导致俯冲、地震和猛烈火山活动。

Divergent boundary: A constructive margin where plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and form new crust, characterised by gentle volcanic eruptions and shallow quakes.

分离型边界: 板块相互分离的建设性边界，岩浆上升形成新地壳，以温和的火山喷发和浅源地震为特征。

Subduction: The process by which a denser oceanic plate sinks into the mantle beneath a less dense continental or oceanic plate, generating deep-focus earthquakes and volcanic arcs.

俯冲: 较密的大洋板块下沉到密度较小的大陆或大洋板块下方的过程，产生深源地震和火山弧。

Pyroclastic flow: A fast-moving, extremely hot mixture of gas, ash and volcanic fragments that rushes down the side of a volcano during explosive eruptions.

火山碎屑流: 在猛烈喷发期间，沿火山坡面快速下冲的高温气体、灰烬和火山碎屑混合物。

Lahar: A destructive mudflow composed of volcanic ash, debris and water, often triggered by heavy rainfall or the rapid melting of snow and ice on a volcano.

火山泥流: 由火山灰、碎屑与水混合而成的破坏性泥流，常由强降雨或火山冰雪快速融化触发。

Tsunami: A series of enormous ocean waves typically caused by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide, capable of devastating coastal areas.

海啸: 通常由海底地震、火山喷发或滑坡引发的一系列巨大海浪，能够对沿岸地区造成毁灭性打击。

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5. Weather Hazards | 天气灾害

Tropical storm: An intense low-pressure system with sustained high winds and heavy rainfall, known as a hurricane, typhoon or cyclone in different ocean basins.

热带风暴: 具有持续强风和强降水的强低压系统，在不同海域分别称为飓风、台风或气旋。

Storm surge: An abnormal rise of seawater height during a tropical storm, caused primarily by strong onshore winds and low atmospheric pressure pushing water towards the coast.

风暴潮: 热带风暴期间海水高度异常升高，主要由强向岸风和低气压共同推动海水涌向海岸造成。

Saffir-Simpson scale: A 1–5 rating system based on a tropical storm’s maximum sustained wind speed, used to estimate potential property damage and flooding.

萨菲尔-辛普森等级: 基于热带风暴最大持续风速的1–5级评级系统，用于估计可能的财产损失和洪水程度。

Coriolis effect: The deflection of moving air parcels caused by the Earth’s rotation, making tropical storms rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern.

科里奥利效应: 因地球自转导致运动气团偏转的现象，使北半球热带风暴逆时针旋转，南半球顺时针旋转。

Drought: A prolonged period of significantly below-average precipitation leading to water deficiency, crop failure and stress on ecosystems and water supplies.

干旱: 降水明显低于平均水平且持续较长时间的时期，导致水资源短缺、作物歉收，并对生态系统和供水造成压力。

Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert-like due to a combination of climatic variations and human activities such as overgrazing and deforestation.

荒漠化: 受气候波动和过度放牧、森林砍伐等人类活动共同影响，肥沃土地逐渐退化为沙漠状的过程。

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6. Climate Change | 气候变化

Enhanced greenhouse effect: The observed increase in the natural greenhouse effect caused by human emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases, trapping more heat.

增强的温室效应: 由于人类排放二氧化碳、甲烷等温室气体，使自然温室效应加剧，导致更多热量被截留在地球大气中。

Carbon dioxide: A long-lived greenhouse gas released mainly from burning fossil fuels, deforestation and industrial processes, the largest contributor to radiative forcing.

二氧化碳: 一种长寿命温室气体，主要来自化石燃料燃烧、森林砍伐和工业过程，是辐射强迫的最大贡献者。

Positive feedback: A self-reinforcing cycle in the climate system where an initial change triggers further changes that amplify the original effect, such as ice-albedo feedback.

正反馈: 气候系统中自我强化的循环，初始变化引发进一步变化从而放大原有效应，例如冰-反照率反馈。

Albedo: The fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface; high-albedo surfaces like ice reflect more energy, while dark surfaces like forests absorb more.

反照率: 地表反射太阳辐射的比例；冰面等高反照率表面反射更多能量，而像森林这样的暗色表面吸收更多。

Mitigation: Actions taken to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, including switching to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency and afforestation.

减缓: 减少或防止温室气体排放的行动，包括转向可再生能源、提高能源效率和植树造林。

Adaptation: Adjustments in natural or

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