📚 A-Level CCEA Sociology: Quick Revision Guide for Key Terms | A-Level CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology is essential for success in A-Level CCEA Sociology. This guide breaks down the most important terms topic by topic, offering memory tricks to help you recall them quickly. Use these cues to connect concepts with real-world examples and make your revision stick.
掌握社会学专业术语是在 A-Level CCEA 社会学中取得好成绩的关键。本指南按照主题逐一梳理最重要的词汇，并给出记忆技巧以帮助你快速背诵。利用这些线索将概念与现实案例联系起来，让你的复习更加牢固。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念
Norms: Socially accepted rules of behaviour in a given situation. Memory tip: ‘Norm’ sounds like ‘normal’ — what is considered normal conduct.
规范：在特定情境中被社会接受的行为准则。记忆提示：想一下“规范”就是“常规”的行为。
Values: Collective beliefs about what is right, good and desirable. Think of a ‘value pack’ — a bundle of ideas a society ‘values’.
价值观：关于什么是对的、好的和值得追求的集体信念。联想“价值”，社会认为有价值的东西。
Status: The social position a person holds, which can be ascribed (born with) or achieved (earned). Link ‘status’ to ‘state’ — your state of having a certain rank.
地位：一个人占据的社会位置，可以是先赋的（与生俱来）或自致的（后天争取）。把“地位”联系到“位置”。
Role: The behaviour expected of someone with a particular status. An actor plays a ‘role’ — you act according to your status.
角色：对拥有特定地位者所期望的行为。演员扮演角色，你根据自己的地位行事。
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning norms, values and roles. Split into ‘social’ + ‘isation’ — making one social.
社会化：学习规范、价值观和角色的终身过程。拆成“社会”+“化”——使人融入社会的过程。
Culture: The shared way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, customs and artefacts. Think of ‘cultivate’ — culture is what we grow within a society.
文化：一个社会共享的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质产品。联想“栽培”——文化就是我们共同培育的东西。
2. Theoretical Perspectives | 理论视角
Functionalism: Sees society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Use ‘function’ — each part has a function, like organs in a body (organic analogy).
功能主义：将社会视为一个由相互关联的部分组成的系统，各部分共同维持稳定。利用“功能”——每个部分都有功能，就像身体器官（有机体类比）。
Marxism: A conflict theory focusing on class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers). Remember Marx’s ‘m’ for ‘money’ and ‘mode of production’.
马克思主义：一种冲突理论，关注资产阶级（所有者）和无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级斗争。记住马克思的“马”对应“资本”，马强调经济基础。
Feminism: Highlights gender inequalities and patriarchy. Link ‘fem’ to ‘female’ — focuses on women’s experiences.
女性主义：强调性别不平等和父权制。联想“女”字——聚焦女性经验。
Interactionism: A micro theory that examines small-scale, everyday interactions and the meanings people attach to them. Think of ‘interact’ — it’s about people interacting face-to-face.
互动论：一种微观理论，研究小规模、日常的互动及人们赋予的意义。想到“互动”——面对面的互动。
Postmodernism: Argues that society is fragmented, diverse and no longer explained by grand narratives. Post- = after; modernism ended, leaving a pick-and-mix culture.
后现代主义：认为社会是碎片化、多元的，不再能用宏大叙事来解释。后=之后，现代主义之后，文化变成了自助拼盘。
3. Socialisation & Culture | 社会化与文化
Primary socialisation: Early learning of basic norms, usually within the family. ‘Primary’ = first — your first lessons in society.
初级社会化：通常在家庭内进行的基本规范早期学习。“初级”即最初的社会第一课。
Secondary socialisation: Later learning that occurs in schools, peer groups and workplaces. ‘Secondary’ comes after primary, like secondary school.
次级社会化：在学校、同伴群体和工作场所中进行的后期学习。“次级”在初级之后，就像中学。
Agents of socialisation: The groups or institutions that teach norms, e.g. family, media, education. An ‘agent’ is someone who acts — these agents act on you.
社会化主体：传授规范的群体或机构，如家庭、媒体、教育。“主体”像代理人，对你施加影响。
Sanctions: Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. Sanctions sound like ‘sanction’ — official approval or penalty.
制裁：用于强化规范的奖励或惩罚。联想到“批准”或“处罚”。
Cultural diversity: The variety of cultures and subcultures within a society. Diversity = diverse; many ‘versions’ of culture.
文化多样性：一个社会内各种文化及亚文化的并存。多样性即多种版本的文化。
4. Identity | 身份认同
Identity: How individuals see and define themselves, shaped by social factors like class, gender and ethnicity. Identity is your ‘ID’ — your personal label.
身份认同：个体如何看待和定义自己，受阶级、性别和族裔等社会因素塑造。身份就是你的“ID”标签。
Hybrid identity: A blend of two or more cultural influences forming a new, mixed identity. Hybrid cars mix fuel and electric; a hybrid identity mixes cultures.
混合身份：两种或多种文化影响融合而成的新身份。混合动力汽车混合燃料和电力；混合身份融合文化。
Stigma: A mark of disgrace attached to a particular attribute or identity. Sounds like ‘stick’ — a negative label that sticks to someone.
污名：附着在某个属性或身份上的耻辱标记。像“粘”在身上的负面标签。
Social construction: The idea that aspects of social life are created, defined and given meaning by society. ‘Construct’ means build — society builds reality.
社会建构：社会生活的各个方面是由社会创造、定义并赋予意义的。“建构”即建造——社会建造了现实。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification: The division of society into ranked layers based on factors like wealth, power and status. Strat- = layer (like strata in rock) + fication = making.
社会分层：根据财富、权力和地位等因素将社会划分为不同等级层次。“分层”即分层次，像岩层。
Class: A group sharing similar economic and social position; often defined by occupation, income and wealth. Classroom analogy — groups sorted by criteria.
阶级：拥有相似经济和社会地位的群体；通常由职业、收入和财富界定。类比班级（class），按标准分组。
Life chances: The opportunities an individual has to improve their quality of life, shaped by class, gender and ethnicity. Think of ‘chances’ in a lottery — some have more tickets.
生活机会：个体改善生活质量的机会，受阶级、性别和族裔影响。像抽奖中的“机会”，有人彩票更多。
Social mobility: Movement of individuals or groups between social strata. Mobile = movable; can go up or down the ladder.
社会流动：个人或群体在社会阶层之间的移动。移动就是可以爬上或爬下梯子。
Meritocracy: A system where rewards and positions are based on ability and effort. Merit + cracy = rule by merit.
贤能主义：基于能力和努力分配奖励与职位的体系。才能+治理=靠才能治理。
6. Family | 家庭
Nuclear family: A two-generation unit of parents and their dependent children. Nucleus = core; the ‘core’ family unit.
核心家庭：父母与其未成年子女组成的二代单位。核心就像原子核，是基干单元。
Extended family: Relatives beyond the nuclear family living together or in close contact. ‘Extended’ means stretched wider — more relatives included.
扩展家庭：超出核心家庭的亲属共同生活或保持密切联系。“扩展”延伸更广，包含更多亲戚。
Patriarchy: A social system where men dominate and hold primary power. Patri- = father; archy = rule — father-rule.
父权制：男性占据主导地位并掌握主要权力的社会制度。父+权=父亲统治。
Symmetrical family: A family form where roles are shared more equally between partners. Symmetry = balance; roles mirror each other.
对称家庭：伴侣之间角色更为平等分担的家庭形式。对称即平衡，角色相互对应。
7. Education | 教育
Cultural capital: The knowledge, attitudes and tastes that give advantages in education. Capital = resource; cultural version of money.
文化资本：在教育中带来优势的知识、态度和品味。资本即资源，文化版的金钱。
Labelling: Assigning a tag or definition to a student, which can shape their self-image and achievement. A ‘label’ sticks — a teacher’s label can stick to a pupil.
贴标签：给学生分配一个标签或定义，这会塑造他们的自我形象和成就。标签会粘住，老师的标签可能粘在学生身上。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a prediction comes true simply because it was made. Think of ‘prophecy’ — you believe it, so you act it out.
自我实现预言：一个预言仅因为被做出而成真。预言被相信了，于是你按照它去行动。
Correspondence principle: The argument that education mirrors the workplace to prepare obedient workers. Education ‘corresponds’ to work structure.
对应原理：教育反映工作场所的结构，从而培养驯服的劳动者。教育“对应”着工作结构。
8. Crime & Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance: Behaviour that violates social norms, not necessarily criminal. De-viate = to stray from the path.
越轨：违反社会规范的行为，不一定是犯罪。偏离正道的行为。
Anomie: A state of normlessness where society fails to regulate expectations. A- = without; nomie = law — without rules.
失范：一种社会规范缺失、无法调节期望的状态。无规范的状态。
White-collar crime: Non-violent crime committed by professionals for financial gain. White-collar workers wear shirts and ties, not blue collars.
白领犯罪：专业人士为经济利益实施的非暴力犯罪。白领穿衬衫打领带，不是蓝领。
Moral panic: Exaggerated public concern over a group or issue, often amplified by the media. Panic = fear; moral panic is fear about morality.
道德恐慌：公众对某个群体或议题的过度担忧，常被媒体放大。恐慌即恐惧，道德恐慌是对道德的恐惧。
Subculture: A group with distinct norms and values that differ from mainstream society. Sub- = below; a culture beneath the surface.
亚文化：拥有与主流社会不同规范和价值观的群体。亚=次一级的，潜藏的文化。
9. Research Methods | 研究方法
Quantitative data: Information in numerical form, used for statistical analysis. ‘Quantity’ = numbers.
定量数据：数字形式的信息，用于统计分析。量化的就是数字。
Qualitative data: Non-numerical data giving depth and insight into experiences. ‘Quality’ tells you about the nature, not the number.
定性数据：非数字数据，提供对经验的深度洞察。质性的侧重性质而非数量。
Validity: The extent to which research measures what it claims to measure. Valid = true; a valid claim is one that holds up.
效度：研究在多大程度上测量到了其所声称要测量的内容。有效的就是真实的。
Reliability: Consistency of research findings when repeated under similar conditions. Reliable = dependable; you can rely on it to give the same result.
信度：在相似条件下重复研究时结果的一致性。可信赖的，总是给出相同结果。
Triangulation: Using multiple methods or sources to cross-check findings. Triangle has three points; combine three perspectives.
三角互证：使用多种方法或来源交叉验证研究发现。三角形有三个点，结合三种视角。
10. Power & Politics | 权力与政治
Power: The ability to make others do what you want, even against their will. The word ‘power’ itself implies strength and control.
权力：让他人按你的意愿行事的能力，哪怕违背其意愿。“权力”一词本身就意味着力量与控制。
Authority: Legitimate power accepted as right by those subject to it. Author-ity: an ‘author’ has recognised control.
权威：被支配者认可为正当的合法权力。作者拥有公认的控制力。
Ideology: A set of shared ideas and beliefs that justify the interests of dominant groups. Think of ‘idea’ + ‘ology’ = the study of ideas, but really a belief system.
意识形态：一套为统治群体利益辩护的共享观念和信念。观念体系，是一种信仰系统。
Pluralism: The view that power is distributed among many competing groups. Plural = many; many groups have a say.
多元主义：认为权力分散在许多相互竞争的群体之间的观点。多元即众多群体都有发言权。
State: The institutions of government and rule enforcement. State = a political entity with a capital ‘S’.
国家：政府及执行规则的机构。国家是一个政治实体。
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