A-Level Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | A-Level Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | A-Level Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering sport science terminology can transform your exam answers from guesswork into precision. This guide groups essential terms by topic and provides memory hooks to help you recall definitions quickly under pressure. Each English explanation is followed by its Chinese counterpart, allowing bilingual reinforcement.

精通体育科学术语能让你的考试答案从“猜猜看”变得精准有力。本指南按主题对必备术语进行分类，并提供记忆钩子，帮助你在压力下快速记起定义。每个英文解释后都配有中文对应，实现双语强化。

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1. Core Terms in Sports Physiology | 运动生理学核心术语

VO₂ max – The maximum volume of oxygen the body can utilise per minute per kilogram of body weight. Memory tip: think ‘V for Volume, O₂ for oxygen, max for maximum’. It is the ultimate measure of aerobic power.

VO₂ max（最大摄氧量） – 身体每分钟每公斤体重能够利用的最大氧量。记忆技巧：V代表体积，O₂代表氧气，max代表最大。这是有氧能力的最佳衡量指标。

Lactate threshold – The exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration begins to increase exponentially. Tip: imagine a ‘lactic dam’ overflowing – the point where clearing can no longer keep up with production.

乳酸阈 – 血乳酸浓度开始呈指数级升高的运动强度。技巧：想象一道“乳酸堤坝”漫溢——清除速度再也赶不上生成速度的那个点。

ATP-PC system – The immediate energy system using stored phosphocreatine; lasts up to 10 seconds. Tip: ‘A-T-P- Please Come’ – instant energy for a 100 m sprint.

ATP-PC系统 – 利用储存的磷酸肌酸的即时供能系统；持续约10秒。技巧：“A-T-P-请过来”——为百米冲刺提供即时能量。

Aerobic vs anaerobic – Aerobic means ‘with oxygen’ (long duration, low intensity), anaerobic means ‘without oxygen’ (short burst, high intensity). Picture an ‘aerobic dancer’ breathing steadily versus an ‘anaerobic sprinter’ gasping.

有氧与无氧 – 有氧意为“有氧参与”（长持续时间、低强度），无氧意为“无氧参与”（短爆发、高强度）。想象一位“有氧舞者”平稳呼吸，对比一位“无氧短跑者”大口喘气。

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2. Biomechanics Glossary | 生物力学词汇表

Newton’s First Law (Inertia) – A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force. Tip: think of a football staying still until kicked.

牛顿第一定律（惯性） – 物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到净外力作用。技巧：想象一个足球静止不动，直到被踢。

Velocity – Displacement per unit of time (a vector quantity with direction). Tip: ‘speed with a direction story’ – 10 m/s east.

速度 – 单位时间内的位移（具有方向的矢量）。技巧：“带方向故事的速度”——向东10米/秒。

Centre of mass – The single point where all the mass of the body is considered to be concentrated. Tip: balance a ruler on your finger – the balance point is the centre of mass.

质心 – 身体全部质量被认为集中于此的单一的点。技巧：用一根手指平衡一把尺子——平衡点就是质心。

Bernoulli principle – Faster fluid flow leads to lower pressure. Explains lift on a discus or swing of a cricket ball. Tip: ‘fast flow, low blow’ – air rushing over a curved surface creates pressure differences.

伯努利原理 – 流体流速越快，压强越小。用于解释铁饼的升力或板球的弧线球。技巧：“快流低压”——气流掠过曲面造成压力差。

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3. Skill Acquisition Essentials | 技能习得要点

Cognitive stage (Fitts & Posner) – First stage of learning where the learner tries to understand what to do. Many errors, jerky movement. Tip: ‘C for Clueless’ – you need demonstrations and verbal guidance.

认知阶段（菲茨与波斯纳） – 学习的第一阶段，学习者试图理解要做什么。错误多、动作生硬。技巧：“认’知’如’无知’”——你需要示范和语言指导。

Associative stage – The practice phase; errors decrease, motor programmes develop. Tip: ‘A for Adjusting’ – linking movements together, feedback refines technique.

联结阶段 – 练习阶段；错误减少，运动程序得以发展。技巧：“联’结’如’调整’”——将动作串联起来，反馈完善技术。

Autonomous stage – Skill becomes automatic, almost effortless. Tip: ‘Auto-pilot’ – the performer can focus on tactics rather than movement.

自动化阶段 – 技能变得自动，几乎无需费力。技巧：“自动驾驶”——运动员可将注意力放在战术上而非动作本身。

Hick’s law – Reaction time increases logarithmically with the number of stimulus-response alternatives. Tip: more choices = slower response. A goalkeeper facing a penalty has many options, so reaction is delayed.

希克定律 – 反应时间随刺激-反应选项数目以对数形式增加。技巧：选择越多，反应越慢。守门员面对点球时选项众多，因此反应延迟。

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4. Sport Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学术语

Arousal – A state of mental and physical alertness. It follows an inverted-U relationship with performance: too little leads to boredom, too much to anxiety. Tip: ‘U for optimal’ – find your sweet spot.

唤醒水平 – 心理和生理的警觉状态。与运动表现呈倒U型关系：过低导致无聊，过高引发焦虑。技巧：“U代表最优”——找到你的最佳点。

State anxiety – Situational feeling of apprehension and tension. Tip: ‘State = right now’ – fleeting nerves before a match.

状态焦虑 – 情景性的担忧和紧张感。技巧：“状态即当下”——比赛前一闪而过的紧张。

Trait anxiety – General disposition to perceive situations as threatening. Tip: ‘Trait = personality’ – some people are naturally more anxious.

特质焦虑 – 将情境视为威胁的一般倾向。技巧：“特质即人格”——有些人天生更容易焦虑。

Self-efficacy (Bandura) – Belief in one’s ability to succeed in a specific task. Built through performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and emotional states. Tip: ‘I can do this’ attitude.

自我效能感（班杜拉） – 对自己在特定任务中成功的能力的信念。通过表现成就、替代经验、言语说服和情绪状态建立。技巧：“我能行”的态度。

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5. Socio-Cultural Influences | 社会文化影响术语

Commercialisation – The process of attracting sponsors and media to sport, turning it into a marketable product. Tip: ‘Gold medals to gold coins’ – sport becomes business.

商业化 – 吸引赞助商和媒体参与体育，将其转变为可营销产品的过程。技巧：“金牌变金币”——体育成为生意。

Globalisation – The spread of sport across national boundaries through media, migration and corporate brands. Tip: ‘worldwide wave’ – NBA jerseys worn in Shanghai.

全球化 – 通过媒体、移民和企业品牌使体育跨越国界传播。技巧：“世界浪潮”——上海街头有人身穿NBA球衣。

Social class – A division of a society based on social and economic status. Some sports have traditionally been associated with upper class (e.g. polo) or working class (e.g. boxing). Tip: ‘class = access’ – money affects participation.

社会阶级 – 基于社会和经济地位的划分。某些运动传统上与上层阶级（如马球）或工人阶级（如拳击）相关联。技巧：“阶级即准入”——金钱影响参与度。

Gender discrimination – Unequal treatment on the basis of gender. In sport, this can appear as fewer opportunities, lower pay, or media stereotyping. Tip: ‘fair play for all’ – challenge the bias.

性别歧视 – 基于性别的不平等待遇。在体育中，可表现为机会少、薪酬低或媒体刻板印象。技巧：“人人平等参赛”——挑战偏见。

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6. Anatomy & Physiology Keywords | 解剖与生理关键词

Agonist (prime mover) – The muscle directly responsible for creating movement at a joint. Tip: ‘A for Action’ – biceps is the agonist during a curl.

主动肌（原动肌） – 直接负责在关节处产生动作的肌肉。技巧：“主动即行动”——弯举时肱二头肌是主动肌。

Antagonist – The muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, relaxing to allow movement. Tip: ‘anti = opposite’ – triceps relaxes when biceps contracts.

拮抗肌 – 对抗主动肌动作的肌肉，通过放松来允许运动。技巧：“拮抗即反向”——肱二头肌收缩时肱三头肌舒张。

Slow-twitch fibres (Type I) – Muscle fibres suited to endurance; high myoglobin, many mitochondria, resistant to fatigue. Tip: ‘slow = steady’ – marathon runners rely on them.

慢肌纤维（I型） – 适用于耐力的肌纤维；肌红蛋白高、线粒体多，抗疲劳。技巧：“慢即稳”——马拉松选手依赖它们。

Cardiac output (Q) – The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (Q = SV × HR). Tip: ‘Q the pump’ – stroke volume times heart rate.

心输出量（Q） – 心脏每分钟泵出的血量（Q = 每搏输出量 × 心率）。技巧：“Q泵”——每搏输出量乘以心率。

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7. Training Methods & Principles | 训练方法与原则

Periodisation – The systematic planning of training into blocks (macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle) to peak at the right time. Tip: ‘period = plan’ – like chapters in a book leading to the climax.

周期化训练 – 将训练系统性地划分为若干周期（大周期、中周期、小周期），以便在适当时间达到巅峰。技巧：“周期即计划”——像书中的章节逐步推向高潮。

Tapering – Reducing training volume before a major competition to allow full recovery and enhance performance. Tip: ‘taper = taper off’ – do less, perform more.

减量训练 – 主要比赛前减少训练量，以充分恢复并提升表现。技巧：“减量即渐减”——少练多得。

Overload principle – To improve fitness, the body must be stressed beyond its current capacity. Can be applied through frequency, intensity, time, type (FITT). Tip: ‘more than before’ – lift heavier, run faster.

超负荷原则 – 要提升体能，身体必须承受超过现有能力的负荷。可通过频率、强度、时间、类型（FITT）实现。技巧：“多过从前”——举更重、跑更快。

Interval training – Alternating periods of high-intensity work with rest or low-intensity recovery. Tip: ‘burst then rest’ – sprint 30 s, walk 60 s.

间歇训练 – 高强度运动与休息或低强度恢复交替进行。技巧：“爆发再休息”——冲刺30秒，步行60秒。

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8. Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation | 损伤预防与康复

RICE method – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation; immediate treatment for soft tissue injuries. Tip: ‘RICE to the injury’ – as you would apply a bag of frozen peas.

RICE原则 – 休息、冰敷、加压、抬高；软组织损伤的即时处理。技巧：“用RICE敷伤处”——就像敷一袋冻豌豆。

Proprioception – The body’s awareness of limb position in space. Often retrained after ankle sprains using wobble boards. Tip: ‘body’s GPS’ – eyes closed, still know where your foot is.

本体感觉 – 身体对肢体空间位置的感知。常在踝关节扭伤后用平衡板重新训练。技巧：“身体的GPS”——闭上眼睛，仍知脚在何处。

Overuse injury – Damage caused by repetitive stress without sufficient recovery; e.g. shin splints, tennis elbow. Tip: ‘too much, too soon’ – gradual overload is safer.

过度使用性损伤 – 反复应力而无充分恢复所导致的损伤，如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎、网球肘。技巧：“太多太急”——循序渐进更安全。

Warm-up (cardiovascular & dynamic stretching) – Prepares the body for exercise by increasing blood flow, enzyme activity and neural readiness. Tip: ‘fire up the engine’ – reduce injury risk.

热身（心血管与动态拉伸） – 通过增加血流、酶活性和神经准备状态使身体为运动做好准备。技巧：“点燃引擎”——降低受伤风险。

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9. Nutrition & Ergogenic Aids | 营养与运动补剂

Carbohydrate loading – A strategy to maximise glycogen storage before endurance events. Tip: ‘pasta party’ – 3 days of high-carb intake after depletion.

糖原负荷法 – 在耐力赛事前最大化肌糖原储备的策略。技巧：“意面派对”——消耗后连续3天高碳水饮食。

Creatine – A supplement that aids the rapid resynthesis of ATP. Most effective for short, explosive efforts. Tip: ‘creatine = quick recharge’ – for sprinters and weightlifters.

肌酸 – 有助于快速再合成ATP的补充剂。对短时爆发性运动最有效。技巧：“肌酸即快充”——适合短跑与举重选手。

Caffeine – A stimulant that can increase alertness and reduce perceived exertion. Legal up to threshold levels. Tip: ‘coffee kick’ – may improve endurance performance.

咖啡因 – 一种兴奋剂，可增加警觉度并降低主观疲劳感。在阈值水平以下合法使用。技巧：“咖啡提神”——可能提升耐力表现。

Dehydration – A state of excessive water loss impairing thermoregulation and performance. A loss of 2% body weight in fluid can reduce performance by up to 20%. Tip: ‘clear urine = hydrated’ – keep drinking.

脱水 – 过量失水导致体温调节和运动表现受损的状态。丢失体重2%的水分可使表现下降高达20%。技巧：“尿色清澈即水合”——持续补水。

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10. Exam Command Words Decoded | 考试指令词解读

Describe – Give a detailed account of the characteristics or features without explanation. Tip: ‘paint a picture with words’ – what does it look like?

Describe（描述） – 详细说明特征或特点，无需解释原因。技巧：“用文字作画”——它看起来是什么样的？

Explain – Make clear the how or why; links causes to effects. Tip: ‘because is your best friend’ – always include reasoning.

Explain（解释） – 阐明如何或为何；将原因与结果联系起来。技巧：“因为’是你的好朋友”——始终包含推理。

Evaluate – Weigh up strengths and weaknesses, then reach a supported conclusion. Tip: ‘judge with evidence’ – give a verdict.

Evaluate（评价） – 权衡优缺点，然后得出有依据的结论。技巧：“依证据评判”——给出判决。

Analyse – Break down into component parts and examine their relationships. Tip: ‘A for anatomy of an argument’ – dissect and connect.

Analyse（分析） – 分解为组成部分并审视其相互关系。技巧：“分析即解剖论点”——拆解并联系。

Discuss – Explore different viewpoints, often requiring both sides of an issue. Tip: ‘debate on paper’ – present arguments for and against.

Discuss（讨论） – 探索不同观点，通常需要正反两面探讨。技巧：“纸上的辩论”——提出论据和反对论据。

Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com

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