📚 A-Level Eduqas Engineering: Quick Guide to Key Terminology | A-Level Eduqas 工程：关键术语速记指南
In the A-Level Eduqas Engineering course, a solid grasp of core terminology is essential for success in both written examinations and practical assessments. This guide presents key terms you must know, grouped by topic, with clear definitions and paired Chinese explanations to help you memorise them quickly. Understanding these terms not only boosts your subject knowledge but also allows you to articulate engineering concepts precisely under exam conditions.
在 A-Level Eduqas 工程课程中，扎实掌握核心术语对于笔试和实操评估的成功至关重要。本指南按主题分类呈现你必须掌握的关键术语，配有清晰的定义和配对的中文解释，帮助你快速记忆。理解这些术语不仅能增强你的学科知识，还能让你在考试中精确阐述工程概念。
1. Mechanical Properties | 机械性能
Ductility is the capacity of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, often measured by percentage elongation or reduction in area during a tensile test. Ductile materials like mild steel can be drawn into wires without breaking.
延展性是指材料在断裂前发生大量塑性变形的能力，通常通过拉伸试验中的延伸率或断面收缩率来衡量。如低碳钢等延性材料可被拉成丝而不断裂。
Hardness describes a material’s resistance to permanent indentation, scratching or cutting. The Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests are common methods to quantify hardness, which is crucial for wear-resistant components.
硬度描述材料抵抗永久压痕、划痕或切割的能力。布氏硬度和洛氏硬度测试是量化硬度的常用方法，对于耐磨部件至关重要。
Toughness is the ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It is measured by the area under the stress–strain curve, indicating a material’s resistance to sudden impacts.
韧性是材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。它通过应力-应变曲线下的面积来衡量，表示材料抵抗突然冲击的性能。
Elasticity refers to a material’s ability to return to its original shape and size after the removal of an applied load, provided the elastic limit has not been exceeded. Springs rely on high elasticity.
弹性是指材料在卸除外加载荷后恢复原始形状和尺寸的能力，前提是不超过弹性极限。弹簧依赖于高弹性。
2. Material Types and Structures | 材料类型与结构
Ferrous metals contain iron and typically have magnetic properties, with carbon as a key alloying element. Examples include cast iron and various steels. They are prone to corrosion but offer high strength.
黑色金属含铁，通常具有磁性，碳是关键合金元素。示例包括铸铁和多种钢。它们易生锈但强度高。
Non-ferrous metals do not contain significant amounts of iron, making them generally more resistant to corrosion. Aluminium, copper, and titanium are widely used for their light weight and conductivity.
有色金属不含大量的铁，因此通常更耐腐蚀。铝、铜和钛因其轻质和导电性而被广泛应用。
Polymers are long-chain molecules consisting of repeating units called monomers. Thermoplastics soften when heated and can be remoulded, whereas thermosets undergo irreversible chemical changes during curing.
聚合物是由称为单体的重复单元组成的长链分子。热塑性塑料受热软化并可重塑，而热固性塑料在固化过程中发生不可逆的化学变化。
Crystal structures in metals significantly affect mechanical properties. The three common types are body-centred cubic (BCC), face-centred cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP). FCC structures typically exhibit higher ductility.
金属的晶体结构显著影响机械性能。常见的三种类型是体心立方 (BCC)、面心立方 (FCC) 和密排六方 (HCP)。FCC 结构通常表现出更高的延展性。
3. Forces and Moments | 力与力矩
A force is a push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N). It has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. Forces can cause acceleration, deformation, or rotation.
力是作用于物体上的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。它具有大小和方向，是矢量。力可引起加速度、变形或转动。
A moment, or torque, is the turning effect of a force about a pivot point. It is calculated as the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action to the pivot.
M = F × d
力矩是力绕支点的转动效应，等于力与作用线到支点垂直距离的乘积。
Equilibrium occurs when the resultant force and the resultant moment acting on a body are both zero. This is the fundamental principle behind static structural analysis.
平衡是指作用在物体上的合力和合力矩均为零的状态。这是静力学结构分析的基本原理。
A couple consists of two equal and opposite parallel forces that produce pure rotation without any net translational force. The moment of a couple is force × distance between the forces.
力偶由两个大小相等、方向相反的平行力构成，产生纯转动而无净平移力。力偶矩等于力 × 力之间的距离。
4. Stress and Strain | 应力与应变
Tensile stress (σ) is the internal force per unit area resisting an applied tensile load, defined as applied force divided by cross-sectional area.
σ = F / A
拉伸应力 (σ) 是抵抗施加的拉伸载荷而内部产生的单位面积力，定义为作用力除以横截面积。
Strain (ε) is a measure of deformation, given by the ratio of extension to original gauge length. It has no units.
ε = ΔL / L₀
应变 (ε) 是变形的度量，等于伸长量与原始标距之比，无量纲。
Young’s modulus (E) quantifies stiffness, representing the slope of the linear region of the stress–strain curve, where Hooke’s law applies.
E = σ / ε
杨氏模量 (E) 量化刚度，表示应力-应变曲线线性区域的斜率，此时胡克定律成立。
The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behaviour. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the maximum stress a material can withstand before necking begins.
屈服点标志着从弹性行为到塑性行为的转变。超过该点，发生永久变形。极限抗拉强度 (UTS) 是材料在颈缩开始前所能承受的最大应力。
5. Electronic Components | 电子元件
A resistor limits current flow and provides a voltage drop according to Ohm’s law: V = I × R. Resistors are essential for controlling current and dividing voltages in circuits.
电阻器限制电流流动并根据欧姆定律 V = I × R 提供电压降。电阻器对于控制电流和分压电路至关重要。
A diode permits current to flow in one direction only (forward bias) and blocks it in the reverse direction. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light when forward biased, and they are widely used in indicators.
二极管只允许电流单向流过（正向偏置），反向则阻断。发光二极管 (LED) 在正向偏置时发光，广泛用于指示器。
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and MOSFETs are common types, with the latter being voltage-controlled.
晶体管是一种半导体器件，用于放大或开关电子信号。双极结型晶体管 (BJT) 和 MOSFET 是常见类型，后者为电压控制型。
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain voltage amplifier with two inputs (inverting and non-inverting). It is the building block for many analogue circuits, including comparators and filters.
运算放大器（运放）是一种高增益电压放大器，具有两个输入端（反相和同相）。它是比较器、滤波器等许多模拟电路的基础模块。
6. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies into the desired shape. Sand casting and die casting are common variants, with die casting allowing higher precision and surface finish.
铸造是将熔融金属浇入模腔，在其中凝固成所需形状的过程。砂型铸造和压铸是常见变体，压铸精度和表面光洁度更高。
Welding joins materials (typically metals) by melting the workpieces and often adding a filler material to form a strong joint upon cooling. Arc welding and MIG welding are widely used.
焊接通过熔化工件并通常添加填充材料，冷却后形成牢固接头来连接材料（通常为金属）。电弧焊和 MIG 焊被广泛使用。
Machining processes, such as turning, milling, and drilling, remove material from a workpiece to achieve precise dimensions. They are typically performed on lathes and CNC machines.
机加工工艺，如车削、铣削和钻削，从工件上切除材料以获得精确尺寸。它们通常在车床和 CNC 机床上进行。
Additive manufacturing, commonly called 3D printing, builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It allows complex geometries and rapid prototyping, using materials ranging from polymers to metals.
增材制造，通常称为 3D 打印，根据数字模型逐层构建物体。它可实现复杂几何形状和快速原型制作，所用材料从聚合物到金属不等。
7. Engineering Systems | 工程系统
An open-loop control system operates without feedback; the controller output is independent of the actual system response. An example is an electric toaster that runs for a set time regardless of browning.
开环控制系统在无反馈情况下运行；控制器输出与系统实际响应无关。例如，电烤面包机运行设定时间，无论面包颜色如何。
A closed-loop system uses feedback to compare the actual output with a desired set point and adjusts accordingly. This is fundamental to servo mechanisms and temperature control systems.
闭环系统利用反馈将实际输出与期望设定点进行比较并相应调整。这是伺服机构和温度控制系统的基础。
A sensor converts a physical quantity, such as temperature, pressure, or light, into an electrical signal. Transducers often combine sensing and signal conditioning in one package.
传感器将温度、压力或光等物理量转换为电信号。变送器通常将传感和信号调理集成在一个封装中。
A block diagram represents a system using labelled blocks and arrows to show the flow of signals or energy. It simplifies complex systems by focusing on functional relationships without physical details.
框图使用带标签的方框和箭头表示系统，显示信号或能量的流向。它通过关注功能关系而不涉及物理细节来简化复杂系统。
8. Quality and Testing | 质量与测试
Tolerance defines the permissible limit of variation in a component’s dimension or physical property. Tight tolerances are essential for interchangeability and precision assembly in engineering products.
公差定义零件尺寸或物理特性的允许变化极限。严格的公差对于工程产品的互换性和精密装配至关重要。
Non-destructive testing (NDT) evaluates material properties without causing damage. Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws, while dye penetrant testing reveals surface cracks.
无损检测 (NDT) 评估材料特性而不造成损伤。超声波检测使用高频声波探测内部缺陷，而染色渗透检测显示表面裂纹。
A tensile test measures a material’s response to a gradually applied tensile load, producing a stress–strain curve from which yield strength, UTS, and ductility are obtained. It adheres to standards such as BS EN ISO 6892-1.
拉伸试验测量材料对逐步施加拉伸载荷的响应，生成应力-应变曲线，从中获得屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和延展性。它遵循 BS EN ISO 6892-1 等标准。
Fatigue testing subjects a material to repeated cyclic loading to determine its endurance limit. This is critical for components exposed to fluctuating stresses, such as aircraft wings and rotating shafts.
疲劳试验使材料承受重复的循环载荷，以确定其疲劳极限。这对于承受波动应力的部件（如飞机机翼和旋转轴）至关重要。
9. Thermodynamics and Fluids | 热力学与流体
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. In engineering, temperature is monitored using thermocouples or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), with units in degrees Celsius or kelvin.
温度是物质粒子平均动能的量度。工程中，温度用热电偶或电阻温度探测器 (RTD) 监测，单位为摄氏度或开尔文。
Specific heat capacity (c) is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K without a phase change. It influences the thermal mass of materials in heat exchangers.
比热容 (c) 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 K 而不发生相变所需的能量。它影响换热器中材料的热质量。
Pressure (p) is the force exerted per unit area by a fluid. In a static fluid, pressure increases with depth according to p = ρgh, where ρ is density and h is depth.
压强 (p) 是流体施加的单位面积上的力。在静止流体中，压强随深度增加，关系式为 p = ρgh，其中 ρ 是密度，h 是深度。
Bernoulli’s principle states that for an incompressible, inviscid fluid flowing steadily, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume remains constant.
p + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant
伯努利原理指出，对于不可压缩的无粘性流体作定常流动，单位体积的压力能、动能和势能之和保持常数。
10. Design and Communication | 设计与沟通
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) uses software to create precise 2D drawings or 3D models of components and assemblies. It enables simulation, interference checking, and rapid design iterations before prototyping.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）使用软件创建零部件和装配体的精确二维图纸或三维模型。它支持仿真、干涉检查，并在原型制作前进行快速设计迭代。
Orthographic projection is a method of representing a 3D object using several 2D views, typically front, top, and side views, arranged in a standard layout. It is the foundation of technical drawing.
正交投影是一种用多个二维视图（通常为前视图、顶视图和侧视图）表示三维物体的方法，按标准布局排列。它是技术制图的基础。
Dimensions and tolerances on engineering drawings communicate the exact size and allowable variation of each feature. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) uses symbols to define form and position requirements.
工程图纸上的尺寸和公差传达每个特征的精确大小和允许偏差。几何尺寸和公差 (GD&T) 使用符号定义形状和位置要求。
A bill of materials (BOM) is a comprehensive list of all parts, components, and raw materials needed to manufacture a product, often including part numbers and quantities. It is essential for production planning and procurement.
物料清单 (BOM) 是制造产品所需的所有零件、组件和原材料的综合列表，通常包含零件编号和数量。它对于生产规划和采购至关重要。
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