A-Level WJEC Geography: Core Knowledge Review | WJEC地理核心知识点梳理

📚 A-Level WJEC Geography: Core Knowledge Review | WJEC地理核心知识点梳理

This comprehensive review covers the essential knowledge required for A-Level WJEC Geography, summarising key concepts, processes, and case-study contexts across the components. Whether you are revising for AS or A2, understanding the core systems and themes will boost your confidence and performance.

本文全面梳理A-Level WJEC地理必备知识，归纳各模块的核心概念、过程与案例背景。无论你是在准备AS还是A2，掌握核心系统与主题将提升信心与成绩。

1. Coastal Landscapes: Systems and Processes | 海岸景观：系统与过程

Coastal landscapes are dynamic, open systems driven by energy from waves, tides, wind and currents. Inputs such as sediment from rivers and cliff erosion are processed via erosion, transportation, and deposition, producing outputs like coastal landforms. The sediment cell concept treats a stretch of coastline as a largely closed system for sediment movement.

海岸景观是由波浪、潮汐、风与潮流驱动的动态开放系统。来自河流与悬崖侵蚀的沉积物输入，经侵蚀、搬运、沉积作用，产出海岸地貌。沉积物细胞概念将某段海岸线视为沉积物移动大致封闭的系统。

Wave type is determined by fetch and wind strength. Constructive waves have a low frequency (6–8 per minute), strong swash and weak backwash, depositing sediment. Destructive waves are high and steep, with weak swash and strong backwash, eroding the coast.

波浪类型取决于风区长度与风力强度。建设性波浪频率低（每分钟6–8次），冲流强、回流弱，沉积泥沙。破坏性波浪高而陡，冲流弱、回流强，侵蚀海岸。

Coastal erosion processes include hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Transportation occurs through longshore drift – sediment moved in a zigzag pattern along the coast by swash and backwash. Deposition occurs when energy drops, forming features like beaches and spits.

海岸侵蚀过程包括水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗和溶蚀。搬运经由沿岸漂移进行——沉积物因冲流和回流沿海岸呈之字形移动。能量下降时发生沉积，形成海滩和沙嘴等地貌。

2. Coastal Landforms and Management | 海岸地貌与管理

Erosional landforms include headlands and bays, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks and stumps. These are shaped by differential erosion of alternating hard and soft rock. Depositional landforms comprise beaches, spits, tombolos, bars and barrier islands, often controlled by longshore drift and wave refraction.

侵蚀地貌包括岬角与海湾、悬崖、浪蚀平台、海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱与残柱，由软硬相间岩石的差异侵蚀塑造。沉积地貌包括海滩、沙嘴、连岛沙洲、河口沙坝和障壁岛，常受沿岸漂移与波浪折射控制。

Sea level change (eustatic and isostatic) creates emergent features (raised beaches, relic cliffs) and submergent features (rias, fjords, Dalmatian coasts). Contemporary sea level rise due to climate change increases coastal flooding and erosion risk, requiring management strategies.

海平面变化（海面升降与地壳均衡）形成上升地貌（上升海滩、残留悬崖）和下沉地貌（里亚式海岸、峡湾、达尔马提亚海岸）。气候变化导致当代海平面上升，增大沿海洪水与侵蚀风险，需采取管理策略。

Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) in the UK adopt four approaches: hold the line (e.g., sea walls), advance the line, managed realignment, and no active intervention (do nothing). Hard engineering (groynes, revetments) physically disrupts processes, while soft engineering (beach nourishment, dune stabilisation) works with natural systems.

英国的海岸线管理计划（SMP）采用四种策略：坚守防线（如海堤）、向海推进、主动退线和不干预（不作为

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