AS CAIE Physical Education: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | AS CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS CAIE Physical Education: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | AS CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specific terminology of AS Physical Education is critical for success in CAIE exams. This guide breaks down essential key terms across all major topics, presenting them in clear paired English and Chinese explanations to accelerate memorisation. Use it as a quick reference to reinforce your understanding and boost your confidence.

掌握AS体育课程的专业术语是通过CAIE考试的关键。本指南分解了所有重要主题下的核心词汇，以清晰的英中对照解释呈现，帮助你快速记忆。将此作为速查工具，巩固理解、增强信心。

1. Anatomical Terminology | 解剖学术语

The standard reference for describing body parts is the ‘anatomical position’ – the body stands upright, face forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward. This position ensures consistent directional terms.

描述身体部位的标准参考是’解剖学姿势’——身体直立，面朝前，双臂置于体侧，掌心向前。该姿势确保方位术语的一致性。

Anterior (ventral) points to the front of the body, while posterior (dorsal) points to the back. Remember: anterior is what you see in a mirror.

前侧 (anterior/ventral) 指向身体前面，后侧 (posterior/dorsal) 指向背面。记忆窍门：anterior 像你在镜中看到的前方。

Superior means towards the head, inferior towards the feet. Think ‘superior = above, inferior = below’.

上 (superior) 指朝向头部，下 (inferior) 朝向足部。可联想 superior 有优越、上等之意。

Medial is towards the body’s midline, lateral is away from it. The nose is medial to the eyes.

内侧 (medial) 靠近身体中线，外侧 (lateral) 远离中线。鼻子在眼睛的内侧。

Proximal means closer to the trunk or point of attachment, distal means further away. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

近端 (proximal) 靠近躯干或附着点，远端 (distal) 远离。肘关节相对于腕关节更近端。

2. Muscular System Terms | 肌肉系统术语

Skeletal muscles consist of slow-twitch (type I) fibres, which are fatigue-resistant and suited for endurance, and fast-twitch (type II) fibres, which generate quick, powerful contractions but fatigue rapidly.

骨骼肌包含慢缩纤维（I型），抗疲劳、适合耐力运动；快缩纤维（II型）产生快速有力收缩但易疲劳。

Isotonic contraction: muscle changes length while tension remains constant. Concentric contraction involves muscle shortening (e.g., biceps curl lifting phase), while eccentric contraction involves lengthening under tension (e.g., lowering phase).

等张收缩：肌肉长度变化但张力恒定。向心收缩时肌肉缩短（如弯举上举阶段），离心收缩时肌肉在张力下拉长（如下放阶段）。

Isometric contraction: muscle develops tension without changing length, such as holding a plank.

等长收缩：肌肉产生张力但长度不变，例如平板支撑。

Agonist (prime mover) is the muscle primarily responsible for a movement; antagonist opposes the action. Synergists assist the agonist.

主动肌（原动肌）是产生动作的主要肌肉；拮抗肌对抗该动作。协同肌辅助主动肌。

3. Cardiovascular Vocabulary | 心血管系统词汇

Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute. Resting HR for a fit individual may be as low as 40−60 bpm.

心率 (HR) 是每分钟心跳次数。体能好的个体安静心率可低至40−60次/分。

Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. It increases with training.

每搏输出量 (SV) 是左心室每次搏动射出的血量，随训练增加。

Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. It represents the total blood volume pumped per minute. Increasing either HR or SV raises Q.

心输出量 (Q) = HR × SV，代表每分钟泵出的血液总量。提高心率或每搏输出量均可增加心输出量。

Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart. Mechanisms like the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump aid venous return during exercise.

静脉回流量是返回心脏的血流。运动时骨骼肌泵和呼吸泵等机制有助于静脉回流。

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