AS Cambridge Engineering: Quick Terminology Guide | AS剑桥工程：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS Cambridge Engineering: Quick Terminology Guide | AS剑桥工程：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering engineering terminology is essential for success in AS Cambridge Engineering. This guide provides clear, concise definitions of the most important terms you will encounter, organised by topic. Each term is explained in English and Chinese to aid memory and understanding.

掌握工程术语对于 AS 剑桥工程课程的成功至关重要。本指南按主题整理了最重要的术语，并提供清晰简洁的定义。每个术语均以中英文解释，有助于记忆和理解。

1. Mechanics: Forces and Motion | 力学：力与运动

Mechanics lies at the heart of engineering, describing how forces influence motion and equilibrium. The key terms below are fundamental for analysing static and dynamic systems.

力学是工程学的核心，描述力如何影响运动和平衡。以下关键术语是分析静力学和动力学系统的基础。

Force – a vector quantity that describes a push or pull on an object, capable of changing its motion or shape; measured in newtons (N).

力 – 描述推或拉作用的矢量，可以改变物体的运动或形状；单位为牛顿 (N)。

Moment (Torque) – the turning effect of a force about a pivot, calculated as force multiplied by perpendicular distance (M = F × d).

力矩 – 力绕支点产生的转动效应，计算为力乘以垂直距离 (M = F × d)。

Equilibrium – a state where the resultant force and resultant moment acting on a body are both zero, implying no linear or angular acceleration.

平衡 – 作用在物体上的合外力和合力矩均为零的状态，表示没有线加速度或角加速度。

Friction – a resistive force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces in contact; includes static friction (before motion) and kinetic friction (during motion).

摩擦力 – 阻碍接触表面相对运动的阻力；包括静摩擦（运动前）和动摩擦（运动中）。

Newton’s Second Law – the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = m × a.

牛顿第二定律 – 物体的加速度与所受合外力成正比，与质量成反比，表达式为 F = m × a。

2. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能

Engineering materials are selected based on mechanical properties that define their behaviour under load. These terms help you quantify strength, stiffness, and ductility.

工程材料的选择基于定义其在载荷下行为的力学性能。这些术语帮助量化强度、刚度和延展性。

Stress (σ) – internal force per unit area within a material when it resists an external load; σ = F / A, measured in pascals (Pa).

应力 (σ) – 材料抵抗外部载荷时内部单位面积上的力；σ = F / A，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)。

Strain (ε) – a measure of deformation representing the relative displacement between particles; ε = ΔL / L₀, a dimensionless ratio.

应变 (ε) – 表示形变的量，即粒子间的相对位移；ε = ΔL / L₀，无量纲比。

Young’s Modulus (E) – a measure of stiffness, defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region; E = σ / ε, in Pa.

杨氏模量 (E) – 刚度的量度，定义为弹性区内应力与应变之比；E = σ / ε，单位 Pa。

Ductility – the ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before fracture, often assessed by percentage elongation.

延展性 – 材料在断裂前承受大量塑性变形的能力，常以延伸率评估。

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