AS CCEA Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS CCEA 生物：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS CCEA Biology: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AS CCEA 生物：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is the foundation of success in AS CCEA Biology. The syllabus introduces a large number of specialised words, and without a systematic approach students often get overwhelmed. This guide organises essential terms by topic, pairs each with a clear English definition and its Chinese equivalent, and provides memory hooks to accelerate recall. Active recall with these bilingual pairings will build confidence for both written exams and practical assessments.

掌握关键术语是 AS CCEA 生物学成功的基础。课程大纲引入了大量专业词汇，如果缺乏系统的方法，学生常常会感到不知所措。本指南按专题整理必备术语，为每一个提供清晰的英文定义和对应的中文释义，并提供记忆钩子来加速回忆。通过这些双语配对的主动回忆，能为笔试和实验评估建立信心。

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1. Cell Biology Terms | 细胞生物学术语

In AS CCEA Biology, cells are the first building block. You need to distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisation and know the function of every organelle. The memory trick is to visualise each structure as a tiny factory with a specific job.

在 AS CCEA 生物中，细胞是首要的构建单元。你需要区分原核和真核的构造，并了解每个细胞器的功能。记忆技巧是将每个结构想象成一个承担特定工作的小工厂。

Prokaryotic cell – a cell without a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; DNA is free in the cytoplasm. Think ‘pro = before nucleus’.

原核细胞 – 没有真正细胞核和膜包被细胞器的细胞；DNA 游离在细胞质中。记住“原 = 在核之前”。

Eukaryotic cell – a cell with a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. ‘Eu = true’.

真核细胞 – 具有明显细胞核和膜包被细胞器的细胞。“真 = true”。

Cell membrane / Plasma membrane (细胞膜) – a phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and leaves the cell; partially permeable. Mnemonic: ‘membrane = member-man’, checking ID at the gate.

细胞膜 – 由磷脂双分子层构成的膜，控制物质进出细胞，具有选择透过性。助记：“膜 = 门卫检查身份证”。

Nucleus (细胞核) – contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities. Think ‘nucleus = control centre’.

细胞核 – 含有细胞的遗传物质 (DNA) 并控制细胞活动。记住“核 = 控制中心”。

Mitochondrion (线粒体) – site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP. Folded inner membrane (cristae) increases surface area. ‘Mighty mitochondria’ makes energy.

线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP。折叠的内膜 (嵴) 增加了表面积。“强大的线粒体”制造能量。

Ribosome (核糖体) – the site of protein synthesis, made of rRNA and protein. ‘Ribo = protein factory’.

核糖体 – 蛋白质合成的场所，由 rRNA 和蛋白质组成。“核糖体 = 蛋白质工厂”。

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) (粗面内质网) – studded with ribosomes; transports proteins. Visualise a ‘rough road carrying protein trucks’.

粗面内质网 – 表面附着核糖体，运输蛋白质。想象“一条粗糙的道路上跑着蛋白质卡车”。

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) (滑面内质网) – lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. ‘Smooth fats’.

滑面内质网 – 无核糖体附着，参与脂类合成和解毒。“滑滑的脂肪”。

Golgi apparatus (高尔基体) – modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for secretion. ‘Golgi = post office’.

高尔基体 – 修饰、分拣蛋白质并将其包装成囊泡用于分泌。“高尔基 = 邮局”。

Lysosome (溶酶体) – contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and old organelles. ‘Lyso = lysis = clean-up crew’.

溶酶体 – 含有消化酶，可分解废物和衰老的细胞器。“溶 = 溶解 = 清道夫”。

Chloroplast (叶绿体) – site of photosynthesis in plant cells; contains chlorophyll. ‘Chloro = green’.

叶绿体 – 植物细胞进行光合作用的场所，含有叶绿素。“叶绿 = 绿色”。

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2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major groups you must know. For each, focus on the monomers, the bond that links them, and a key function. Think ‘CLPN’ – Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

碳水化合物、脂质、蛋白质和核酸是你必须掌握的四大类物质。对每一类，要关注其单体、连接键和关键功能。记住 “CLPN” 这个缩写。

Monosaccharide (单糖) – a single sugar unit, e.g. glucose, fructose. ‘Mono = one, saccharide = sugar’.

单糖 – 单个糖单元，例如葡萄糖、果糖。“单 = 一个，糖 = sugar”。

Disaccharide (二糖) – two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond, e.g. maltose (glucose + glucose). Formed by condensation reaction.

二糖 – 两个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成，例如麦芽糖 (葡萄糖+葡萄糖)。通过缩合反应形成。

Polysaccharide (多糖) – many monosaccharides linked; examples: starch (energy store in plants), glycogen (energy store in animals), cellulose (plant cell wall). ‘Poly = many’.

多糖 – 多个单糖连接而成；例如：淀粉 (植物储能)、糖原 (动物储能)、纤维素 (植物细胞壁)。“多 = 很多”。

Glycosidic bond (糖苷键) – the covalent bond between two sugar molecules. ‘Glyco = sugar, sidic = bond’.

糖苷键 – 两个糖分子之间的共价键。“糖苷键 = 糖的键”。

Lipid (脂质) – includes triglycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids. Insoluble in water. ‘Lipids = Lipos = fat’.

脂质 – 包括甘油三酯 (脂肪和油) 和磷脂，不溶于水。“脂 = fat”。

Triglyceride (甘油三酯) – one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids by ester bonds. Functions in energy storage and thermal insulation.

甘油三酯 – 一个甘油分子通过酯键与三个脂肪酸结合。功能是储能和保温。

Phospholipid (磷脂) – like a triglyceride but one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group; makes up cell membranes. ‘Phospho = head loves water, tail hates water’.

磷脂 – 类似甘油三酯，但一个脂肪酸被磷酸基团取代；构成细胞膜。“磷 = 头部亲水，尾部疏水”。

Amino acid (氨基酸) – the monomer of proteins; has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group. ‘Amino acid = building block of protein’.

氨基酸 – 蛋白质的单体，含有一个氨基、一个羧基和一个可变的 R 基团。“氨基酸 = 蛋白质的积木”。

Peptide bond (肽键) – the covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next, formed by condensation.

肽键 – 一个氨基酸的羧基与下一个氨基酸的氨基之间通过缩合反应形成的共价键。

Primary structure (of protein) (蛋白质一级结构) – the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. ‘Primary = sequence, like letters in a word’.

蛋白质一级结构 – 多肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序。“一级 = 序列，就像单词里的字母排序”。

Secondary structure (二级结构) – local folding into α-helices or β-pleated sheets, held by hydrogen bonds. ‘Secondary = spiral or sheet’.

二级结构 – 由氢键维持的局部折叠，形成 α-螺旋或 β-折叠。“二级 = 螺旋或片层”。

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3. Enzymes | 酶

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy. AS CCEA expects you to explain the lock-and-key and induced-fit models, and to describe factors affecting enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and inhibitors.

酶是生物催化剂，通过降低活化能来加速代谢反应。AS CCEA 要求你能解释锁钥模型和诱导契合模型，并能描述温度、pH 和抑制剂等因素对酶活性的影响。

Enzyme (酶) – a globular protein that acts as a catalyst. ‘Enzyme = bio-speeder’.

酶 – 一种起催化作用的球状蛋白。“酶 = 生物加速器”。

Active site (活性位点) – the specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. Shape is complementary to substrate. ‘Active site = docking station’.

活性位点 – 酶上底物结合的特定位点，其形状与底物互补。“活性位点 = 对接口”。

Substrate (底物) – the reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon. ‘Sub = under, strate = the one being worked on’.

底物 – 酶所作用的反应物分子。“底物 = 被作用的对象”。

Enzyme-substrate complex (酶-底物复合物) – the temporary intermediate formed when substrate binds to active site. ‘Complex = handshake’.

酶-底物复合物 – 底物与活性位点结合时形成的瞬时中间体。“复合物 = 握手状态”。

Lock and key model (锁钥模型) – the active site has a rigid, exactly complementary shape to the substrate. ‘Like a key fitting one lock only’.

锁钥模型 – 活性位点具有刚性的、与底物精确互补的形状。“就像一把钥匙只配一把锁”。

Induced fit model (诱导契合模型) – the active site slightly changes shape to mould around the substrate, stressing bonds. ‘Induced = glove adjusts to hand’.

诱导契合模型 – 活性位点形状轻微改变，包裹底物并对键施加应力。“诱导 = 手套适应手”。

Activation energy (活化能) – the minimum energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower it. ‘Activation = spark plug energy’.

活化能 – 启动反应所需的最低能量，酶使之降低。“活化能 = 点火能量”。

Denaturation (变性) – permanent change in enzyme shape due to high temperature or extreme pH, causing loss of function. ‘Denature = deform’.

变性 – 因高温或极端 pH 导致酶形状永久改变，失去功能。“变性 = 变形”。

Competitive inhibitor (竞争性抑制剂) – a molecule similar in shape to the substrate, fits into the active site and blocks it. ‘Compete for the same seat’.

竞争性抑制剂 – 形状与底物相似的分子，嵌入活性位点并将其堵塞。“竞争同一个座位”。

Non-competitive inhibitor (非竞争性抑制剂) – binds to a different site (allosteric site), changing the shape of the active site. ‘Non-comp = not the same seat, but distorts the theatre’.

非竞争性抑制剂 – 结合在另一个位点 (别构位点)，改变活性位点的形状。“非竞争 = 不是抢座位，而是扭曲了整个剧场”。

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4. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a dynamic structure. You need to relate membrane components to their roles in transport processes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

流动镶嵌模型将细胞膜描述为动态结构。你需要将膜组分与运输过程 (扩散、渗透、协助扩散、主动运输、胞吞和胞吐) 中的角色联系起来。

Fluid mosaic model (流动镶嵌模型) – ‘fluid’ because phospholipids can move laterally, ‘mosaic’ because proteins are dotted throughout. Visualise a sea of lipids with protein icebergs.

流动镶嵌模型 – “流动”因为磷脂可以侧向移动，“镶嵌”因为蛋白质点缀其间。想象充满脂质的海洋中浮动着蛋白冰山。

Phospholipid bilayer (磷脂双分子层) – hydrophilic phosphate heads face outwards, hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inwards. ‘Head loves water, tail hates water’ makes a barrier.

磷脂双分子层 – 亲水磷酸头朝外，疏水脂肪酸尾朝内。“头喜水，尾拒水”形成屏障。

Integral protein (嵌入蛋白) – spans the membrane; includes channel proteins and carrier proteins. ‘Integral = in the membrane’.

嵌入蛋白 – 贯穿膜层，包括通道蛋白和载体蛋白。“嵌入 = 内嵌于膜”。

Channel protein (通道蛋白) – a pore that allows specific ions or small molecules to pass through by facilitated diffusion. ‘Channel = tunnel’.

通道蛋白 – 一种孔道，允许特定离子或小分子通过协助扩散进出。“通道 = 隧道”。

Carrier protein (载体蛋白) – changes shape to transport a molecule across the membrane, used in both facilitated diffusion and active transport. ‘Carrier = ferry changing shape’.

载体蛋白 – 改变形状来运输分子过膜，用于协助扩散和主动运输。“载体 = 会变形的渡船”。

Diffusion (扩散) – net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down the concentration gradient, passive (no ATP). ‘Diffusion = downhill flow’.

扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度，不耗能。“扩散 = 下坡流”。

Osmosis (渗透) – the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential. ‘Osmosis = water’s own diffusion’.

渗透 – 水分子通过选择透过性膜，从水势较高区域向水势较低区域的扩散。“渗透 = 水的专属扩散”。

Active transport (主动运输) – movement of molecules against the concentration gradient using carrier proteins and energy from ATP. ‘Active = needs energy, uphill’.

主动运输 – 分子通过载体蛋白并利用 ATP 能量逆浓度梯度移动。“主动 = 需能量，走上坡路”。

Endocytosis (胞吞) – cell membrane engulfs material to bring it inside, forming a vesicle. ‘Endo = enter’.

胞吞 – 细胞膜包裹物质将其带入胞内，形成囊泡。“胞吞 = 入胞”。

Exocytosis (胞吐) – vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release contents outside. ‘Exo = exit’.

胞吐 – 囊泡与细胞膜融合，释放内容物到胞外。“胞吐 = 出胞”。

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5. Cell Division: Mitosis | 细胞分裂：有丝分裂

Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair. CCEA expects you to name and describe the stages in order: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The acronym IPMAT helps.

有丝分裂产生两个遗传上相同的子细胞，用于生长和修复。CCEA 要求你按顺序命名并描述各阶段：间期、前期、中期、后期、末期和胞质分裂。缩写 IPMAT 有助于记忆。

Interphase (间期) – not part of mitosis; the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division. ‘Inter = between divisions, copying DNA’.

间期 – 不属有丝分裂，细胞生长、复制 DNA，为分裂做准备。“间 = 两次分裂之间，复印 DNA”。

Prophase (前期) – chromosomes condense and become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibres form. ‘Pro = before, chromosomes appear’.

前期 – 染色体浓缩、可见；核膜解体；纺锤丝形成。“前 = 在前，染色体显现”。

Metaphase (中期) – chromosomes line up at the equator (metaphase plate) and attach to spindle fibres via centromeres. ‘Meta = middle’.

中期 – 染色体排列在赤道板 (中期板)，通过着丝粒与纺锤丝相连。“中 = 中央”。

Anaphase (后期) – centromeres split; sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by shortening spindle fibres. ‘Ana = apart’.

后期 – 着丝粒分裂，姐妹染色单体被缩短的纺锤丝拉向两极。“后 = 分开走”。

Telophase (末期) – chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelopes reform around each set; spindle disappears. ‘Telo = end, two nuclei appear’.

末期 – 染色体解旋；每组染色体周围重新形成核膜，纺锤体消失。“末 = 结束，两个核出现”。

Cytokinesis (胞质分裂) – division of the cytoplasm, forming two separate daughter cells. ‘Cyto = cell, kinesis = movement, final split’.

胞质分裂 – 细胞质分裂，形成两个独立的子细胞。“胞质分裂 = 最后的劈开”。

Chromosome (染色体) – a threadlike structure of DNA that carries genetic information, visible during mitosis.

染色体 – 由 DNA 组成的线状结构，携带遗传信息，在有丝分裂时可见。

Chromatid (染色单体) – one of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere. ‘Chromatid = one half of the X’.

染色单体 – 复制后的两条相同染色体之一，在着丝粒处相连。“染色单体 = X 的二分之一”。

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6. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传学与遗传

Understanding the language of genetics is crucial for solving monohybrid crosses and pedigree problems. Words like allele, dominant, and heterozygous must become second nature.

理解遗传学的语言对于解答单基因杂交和系谱题至关重要。像等位基因、显性和杂合子这样的词汇必须成为你的第二天性。

Gene (基因) – a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein (or functional RNA). ‘Gene = recipe for a protein’.

基因 – 一段编码特定蛋白质 (或功能性 RNA) 的 DNA 序列。“基因 = 蛋白质的食谱”。

Allele (等位基因) – an alternative form of the same gene, e.g. tall vs short for height. ‘Allele = alternate version’.

等位基因 – 同一个基因的不同形式，例如高和矮。“等位 = 另一个版本”。

Dominant allele (显性等位基因) – the allele that is expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present. ‘Dominant = bossy, always shows up’.

显性等位基因 – 即使只有一个拷贝也会在表型中表达的等位基因。“显性 = 霸道的，总会表现出来”。

Recessive allele (隐性等位基因) – only expressed when two copies are present (homozygous recessive). ‘Recessive = shy, needs a partner’.

隐性等位基因 – 只有两个拷贝都存在时才会表达。“隐性 = 害羞，需要同伴”。

Homozygous (纯合子) – having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g. AA or aa). ‘Homo = same’.

纯合子 – 一个基因的两个等位基因相同 (例如 AA 或 aa)。“纯 = 相同”。

Heterozygous (杂合子) – having two different alleles for a gene (e.g. Aa). ‘Hetero = different’.

杂合子 – 一个基因的两个等位基因不同 (例如 Aa)。“杂 = 不同”。

Genotype (基因型) – the genetic makeup (the alleles present). ‘Geno = genes’.

基因型 – 基因的组成 (所拥有的等位基因)。“基因型 = 基因的类型”。

Phenotype (表型) – the observable characteristic resulting from genotype and environment. ‘Pheno = physical appearance’.

表型 – 由基因型和环境共同决定的、可观察到的特征。“表型 = 外在表现”。

Monohybrid cross (单基因杂交) – a genetic cross involving one gene. Use a Punnett square to predict ratios.

单基因杂交 – 涉及单个基因的遗传杂交，使用旁纳特方格预测比例。

Co-dominance (共显性) – both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygote, e.g. red x white flowers give roan (both colours). ‘Co = together, both show’.

共显性 – 杂合子中两个等位基因均等表达，例如红与白花产生红白斑 (两者都显现)。“共显 = 共同显现”。

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7. Ecology and Environment | 生态与环境

Ecology vocabulary often appears in data-response questions. Terms like community, ecosystem, and niche must be precisely defined. Remember the hierarchy: organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem.

生态学词汇经常出现在数据分析题中。像群落、生态系统和生态位这样的术语必须准确定义。记住层级：个体 -> 种群 -> 群落 -> 生态系统。

Ecosystem (生态系统) – all the living organisms (biotic) and physical factors (abiotic) interacting in a given area. ‘Eco = house, system = all parts working together’.

生态系统 – 特定区域内所有生物 (生物因素) 和非生物因素 (非生物因素) 的总和，它们相互作用。“生态系统 = 大家共同的家”。

Habitat (栖息地) – the place where an organism lives. ‘Habitat = address’.

栖息地 – 生物居住的地方。“栖息地 = 地址”。

Population (种群) – all the organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. ‘Population = one species group’.

种群 – 同一时间生活在同一区域的所有 同种 生物。“种群 = 一个物种的群体”。

Community (群落) – all the populations of different species living and interacting in an area. ‘Community = multiple species’.

群落 – 一个区域内生活并相互作用的 不同物种 的所有种群。“群落 = 多个物种的集合”。

Niche (生态位) – the role of an organism in its ecosystem, including its habitat, feeding relationships, and interactions. ‘Niche = job + address’.

生态位 – 生物在生态系统中的角色，包括栖息地、营养关系和相互作用。“生态位 = 职业 + 住址”。

Producer (生产者) – an organism that makes its own food using light energy (photoautotroph), usually a plant. ‘Producer = makes organic food’.

生产者 – 利用光能自己制造食物的生物 (光合自养生物)，通常是植物。“生产者 = 制造有机物”。

Consumer (消费者) – an organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. Primary consumer eats producer, secondary eats primary. ‘Consumer = eater’.

消费者 – 通过取食其他生物获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃生产者，次级吃初级。“消费者 = 食客”。

Decomposer (分解者) – bacteria or fungi that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients. ‘Decomposer = recycler’.

分解者 – 分解死有机物、回收营养物质的细菌或真菌。“分解者 = 回收工”。

Food chain / Food web (食物链/食网) – a linear sequence / interconnected network showing feeding relationships. Arrows show energy flow.

食物链/食网 – 显示取食关系的线性序列 / 互相连接的网。箭头指向能量流向。

Biodiversity (生物多样性) – the variety of life in an area; species richness and evenness. ‘Bio = life, diversity = variety’.

生物多样性 – 一个区域内的生命多样性，包括物种丰富

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