AS CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | AS CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | AS CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terms is the foundation of success in AS CCEA Sociology. This guide brings together the must-know vocabulary from across the specification, pairing clear definitions with memory-friendly tips. Use it as a quick-reference companion to boost your confidence in exam answers and essay writing.

掌握关键术语是 AS CCEA 社会学成功的基础。本指南汇集了来自考纲各个部分必须掌握的词汇，将清晰的定义与记忆口诀相结合。将它作为快速参考的伴侣，提升你在考试答题和论文写作中的信心。

1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念

Culture – The shared way of life of a society, including its language, beliefs, norms and values. Think of culture as the ‘lens’ through which we view the world.

文化 – 一个社会共同的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、规范和价值观。可以将文化想象成我们观察世界的 “透镜”。

Norms – Unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. Link: ‘norm’ sounds like ‘normal’ – they tell you what normal behaviour is.

规范 – 不成文的行为规则，被认为在群体或社会中是可以接受的。记忆窍门：联想 “normal” – 规范告诉你什么是正常的行为。

Values – Deeply held principles that guide our sense of right and wrong. While norms tell us how to behave, values tell us why that behaviour matters.

价值观 – 深层坚守的原则，指引我们对是非的判断。规范告诉我们如何行为，价值观则说明为什么这种行为是重要的。

Primary socialisation – The learning of norms and values during early childhood, mainly within the family. Imagine this as the first ‘software’ installed in an individual.

初级社会化 – 在童年早期学习规范与价值观的过程，主要在家庭中完成。可把它看作一个人被安装的第一套 “行为软件”。

Secondary socialisation – The continuing process of learning norms and values from institutions outside the family, such as school, peer groups and media.

次级社会化 – 从家庭之外的机构（如学校、同辈群体和媒体）继续学习规范与价值观的过程。

Role – The expected pattern of behaviour associated with a particular status. A teacher has the role of instructing; a student has the role of learning.

角色 – 与特定地位相联系的预期行为模式。例如，教师的角色是授课，学生的角色是学习。

Ascribed status – A social position fixed at birth or received involuntarily, such as being a prince or a daughter. Tip: ‘Ascribed’ ≈ ‘assigned’.

先赋地位 – 天生或非自愿获得的社会位置，比如生为王子或女儿。记忆提示：Ascribed 听起来像 assigned（分配的）。

Achieved status – A social position gained through personal effort, such as becoming a doctor. You achieve it through action.

自致地位 – 通过个人努力获得的社会位置，比如成为医生。你需要通过行动去 achieve（实现）它。

Social control – The mechanisms used to enforce conformity to norms, including rewards for conformity (positive sanctions) and punishments for deviance (negative sanctions).

社会控制 – 用于强制服从规范的机制，包括对守规范的奖励（正向制裁）和对越轨的惩罚（负向制裁）。

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2. Theoretical Perspectives: Functionalism | 理论视角：功能主义

Functionalism – A consensus theory that sees society as a system of interconnected parts working together to maintain stability. Think of it as the ‘body’ analogy.

功能主义 – 一种共识理论，将社会看作由相互关联的部分组成的系统，各部分共同运作以维持稳定。可联想到 “有机体比喻”。

Organic analogy – The comparison of society to a biological organism (Durkheim, Parsons). Just as the heart and lungs work together for the body, institutions such as family and education work together for society.

有机体比喻 – 将社会比作生物有机体（涂尔干、帕森斯）。如同心脏和肺为身体协同工作，家庭与教育等制度也为社会协同运作。

Value consensus – A widespread agreement around basic values, which functionalists see as the glue holding society together. Mnemonic: VC = ‘Very Cohesive’.

价值共识 – 在基本价值观上的广泛一致，功能主义者视其为凝聚社会的黏合剂。记忆法：VC = Very Cohesive。

Social solidarity – The sense of belonging and integration within a community, emphasised by Durkheim. Rituals and shared experiences strengthen this bond.

社会团结 – 社群中的归属感与整合感，涂尔干特别强调。仪式与共同经历可以增强这种纽带。

Anomie – A state of normlessness where individuals feel disconnected from collective expectations, often linked to rapid social change. Think ‘a-norm-ie’.

失范 – 一种规范缺失的状态，个体感到与集体期待脱节，常与急剧的社会变迁有关。记忆窍门：a-norm-ie = 没有规范。

Collective conscience – The shared beliefs and moral attitudes that operate as a unifying force within society. Durkheim used it to explain how simpler societies maintained order.

集体意识 – 作为社会内部凝聚力量而存在的共同信念与道德态度。涂尔干用它解释简单社会如何维持秩序。

Manifest functions – The intended, obvious consequences of an institution. For education, a manifest function is teaching numeracy. Merton introduced the distinction.

显功能 – 某一制度有意图的、明显的后果。对教育而言，显功能是教授算术。默顿提出了显／潜功能的区分。

Latent functions – The unintended, hidden consequences of an institution. For school, a latent function is creating a market for stationery. Tip: latent = ‘later you notice it’.

潜功能 – 某一制度无意图的、隐藏的后果。学校的潜功能比如创造了文具市场。记忆提示：latent → later 你才注意到。

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3. Theoretical Perspectives: Marxism | 理论视角：马克思主义

Marxism – A conflict theory that views society as divided by class, with the ruling class exploiting the working class. Think of it as a tug-of-war over resources.

马克思主义 – 一种冲突理论，视社会为阶级分化的，统治阶级剥削工人阶级。可以想象为一场资源争夺战。

Bourgeoisie – The capitalist ruling class who own the means of production. Mnemonic: ‘Bourgeoisie = Boss’ – they control the factories and land.

资产阶级 – 拥有生产资料的资本家统治阶级。记忆窍门：Bourgeoisie = Boss，他们控制工厂与土地。

Proletariat – The working class who must sell their labour to survive. Remember ‘proletariat’ sounds like ‘prole’ – people who prop up the system with their work.

无产阶级 – 必须出卖劳动力以求生存的工人阶级。记住 “proletariat” 可以联想为靠劳动支撑（prop up）系统的人。

Means of production – The physical resources used to produce goods, such as land, factories, machinery. Ownership of these defines class position.

生产资料 – 用于生产商品的物质资源，如土地、工厂、机器。生产资料的所有权决定了阶级地位。

Surplus value – The profit made by capitalists by paying workers less than the value their labour generates. This is the engine of exploitation.

剩余价值 – 资本家通过支付低于工人劳动所创造价值的工资而获得的利润。这是剥削的引擎。

Alienation – The sense of estrangement workers feel when they lose control over their work and its products. Marx identified four types, including alienation from the act of labour.

异化 – 工人因失去对劳动过程和劳动产品的控制而感到的疏离感。马克思区分了四种异化，包括与劳动行为本身的异化。

False consciousness – A distorted understanding of reality that prevents the proletariat from recognising their exploitation. The ruling class controls ideas to keep the system stable.

虚假意识 – 一种对现实的扭曲认知，使无产阶级意识不到自己正被剥削。统治阶级通过控制思想来维护体制稳定。

Ideology (Marxist view) – A set of ideas that justifies the interests of the ruling class, presented as ‘common sense’. Education, media and religion can all transmit ruling-class ideology.

意识形态（马克思主义观点） – 一套为统治阶级利益辩护的观念，常被包装成 “常识”。教育、媒体和宗教都能传播统治阶级意识形态。

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4. Theoretical Perspectives: Feminism | 理论视角：女性主义

Patriarchy – A system of male domination in which men hold power in public and private life. Think ‘father rule’ – patri-arch-y.

父权制 – 男性支配的体系，男子在公共与私人生活中掌握权力。字面意思即 “父亲统治”（patri-arch-y）。

Liberal feminism – A perspective that seeks gender equality through legal reforms and changing social attitudes, rather than a total transformation of society. Tip: liberal = gradually expand rights.

自由主义女性主义 – 主张通过法律改革和改变社会态度来实现性别平等，而非彻底颠覆社会。提示：liberal = 渐进式扩展权利。

Radical feminism – Argues that patriarchy is the deepest form of oppression, often focusing on male violence, reproduction and sexuality. ‘Radical’ = getting to the root.

激进女性主义 – 认为父权制是最根本的压迫形式，常关注男性暴力、生育与性。”激进” 意味着直指根源。

Marxist feminism – Links women’s oppression to capitalism, arguing that the unpaid domestic labour of women benefits the capitalist system by reproducing the workforce cheaply.

马克思主义女性主义 – 将妇女压迫与资本主义联系起来，认为妇女的无偿家务劳动通过廉价再生产劳动力使资本主义体系获益。

Intersectionality – A concept highlighting how different dimensions of inequality (gender, class, ethnicity) intersect to create unique experiences of disadvantage. Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term.

交叉性 – 强调不同不平等维度（性别、阶级、族裔）如何交织，创造独特的劣势体验。金伯利·克伦肖创造了这个词。

Glass ceiling – An invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from reaching top positions, despite apparent meritocratic rules.

玻璃天花板 – 一种无形的障碍，阻止妇女和少数族裔进入高级职位，即使看似有任人唯贤的规则。

Domestic division of labour – The way tasks such as housework and childcare are divided between partners. Feminist researchers highlight the unequal ‘double shift’ many women face.

家务分工 – 家务和育儿任务在伴侣之间的分配方式。女性主义研究者强调许多女性承担不平等的 “双重班”。

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5. Research Methods: Key Terms | 研究方法：关键词汇

Validity – Does the research truly measure what it claims? A valid study gives a true, authentic picture of social reality. Think ‘valid = truthful’.

效度 – 研究是否真正测量了其声称要测量的东西？高效度的研究呈现社会现实的真实图景。记忆：valid = 真实的。

Reliability – Can the study be repeated with the same results? A reliable method produces consistent findings. Tip: ‘re-liable’ – you can rely on it to be stable.

信度 – 研究是否可以重复并得到相同结果？高信度的方法产生一致的发现。提示：re-liable = 你可依赖其稳定性。

Representativeness – Does the sample reflect the characteristics of the wider population? A representative sample allows generalisation.

代表性 – 样本是否反映了更广泛人口的特征？有代表性的样本才能推广结论。

Generalisability – The extent to which findings from a sample can be applied to the whole target population. High generalisability usually comes from large, random samples.

推广性 – 样本得出的发现在多大程度上适用于整个目标群体。高推广性通常源于大规模随机抽样。

Primary data – Information collected directly by the researcher for the project, such as interviews or questionnaires. You are the first to gather it.

一手资料 – 研究者为特定项目直接收集的信息，如访谈或问卷。你是第一手采集者。

Secondary data – Data that already exists, collected by someone else, e.g. official statistics, historical documents. Quick recall: ‘secondary = second-hand’.

二手资料 – 已经存在的、由他人收集的数据，例如官方统计、历史文献。速记：secondary = 二手的。

Quantitative data – Numerical information that can be measured statistically. Think ‘quantity = numbers’. Useful for identifying patterns and correlations.

量化数据 – 可被统计测量的数值型信息。想到 quantity 就等于数字。适用于发现模式和相关性。

Qualitative data – Non-numerical, in-depth information about meanings, feelings and experiences. ‘Quality’ explores richness and depth.

质化数据 – 关于意义、感受和体验的非数值深度信息。’Quality’ 探索丰富性与深度。

Sampling techniques – Methods for selecting participants. Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance; stratified sampling selects in proportion to subgroups; snowball sampling uses referrals from initial contacts.

抽样技术 – 选择参与者的方法。随机抽样使人人机会均等；分层抽样按亚群体比例选取；滚雪球抽样通过最初的接触者转介而来。

Ethical issues – Moral principles guiding research: informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, avoidance of harm. Sociologists must balance the value of knowledge with participants’ rights.

伦理议题 – 指导研究的道德准则：知情同意、保密、匿名、避免伤害。社会学家必须平衡知识的价值与参与者的权利。

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6. Research Methods in Context | 研究方法应用

Laboratory experiment – A controlled test where the researcher manipulates an independent variable to measure its effect on a dependent variable. High reliability, but often low ecological validity.

实验室实验 – 研究者操纵自变量以测量其对因变量影响的控制性测试。信度高，但生态效度通常较低。

Field experiment – An experiment conducted in a natural setting, where the researcher still manipulates a variable. It balances control with realism, e.g. Rosenthal and Jacobson’s Pygmalion in the Classroom.

实地实验 – 在自然环境中进行的实验，研究者仍然操纵变量。它平衡了控制与真实感，如罗森塔尔和雅各布森的 “课堂里的皮格马利翁”。

Questionnaire – A set of written questions distributed to a large sample. It can gather quantitative data quickly and cheaply but may suffer from low response rates and misunderstandings.

问卷 – 分发给大样本人群的一套书面问题。可快速、经济地收集量化数据，但可能受低回复率和理解偏差的影响。

Structured interview – An interview with pre-set, standardised questions. Like a verbal questionnaire, it improves reliability but may limit depth.

结构化访谈 – 使用预先设定的标准化问题进行访谈。好比口头问卷，提高了信度，但可能限制深度。

Unstructured interview – A flexible, in-depth conversation guided by topics rather than fixed questions. It yields rich qualitative data and high validity, but is time-consuming and less reliable.

非结构化访谈 – 以话题而非固定问题为导向的灵活深入交谈。能产生丰富的质化资料，效度高，但耗时且信度较低。

Participant observation – The researcher joins the group being studied, either overtly (openly) or covertly (undercover), to experience their lives from within. Strong for validity, but raises ethical dilemmas.

参与观察 – 研究者通过公开或隐蔽的方式加入被研究群体，从内部体验其生活。效度强大，但会引发伦理困境。

Official statistics – Numerical data published by government bodies, for example crime rates or exam results. They are a quick secondary source, but may reflect institutional biases.

官方统计 – 政府机构公布的数值数据，例如犯罪率或考试成绩。这是快捷的二手资料，但可能反映制度偏见。

Triangulation – Combining several methods or data sources in one study to cross-check findings. It can strengthen both validity and reliability – think of a three-point check.

三角互证 – 在一项研究中结合多种方法或数据源进行交叉验证。这能够增强效度和信度，可联想为一个三点核查。

Longitudinal study – Research carried out over a long period of time, tracking changes in the same sample. The 7 Up series is a classic example. Precious for showing social change but expensive and subject to attrition.

纵贯研究 – 长时间内追踪同一样本变化的研究。《人生七年》纪录片系列就是经典例子。对展现社会变迁极为珍贵，但成本高且存在样本流失。

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7. The Family: Key Concepts | 家庭：核心概念

Nuclear family – A two-generation family unit consisting of parents and their dependent children. Functionalists like Murdock see it as universal, though critics note its cultural specificity.

核心家庭 – 由父母及受抚养子女组成的两代家庭单位。功能主义者如默多克视其为普遍存在，但批评者指出其文化特殊性。

Extended family – A family arrangement that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family – grandparents, aunts, cousins – often living nearby or under one roof. The classic ‘large clan’ structure.

扩展家庭 – 包括核心家庭之外亲属的家庭安排，祖父母、叔伯、表亲常比邻而居或居于同一屋檐下，是典型的 “大家族” 结构。

Reconstituted family – A blended family formed after divorce or separation, where at least one partner brings children from a previous relationship. Also called a stepfamily.

重组家庭 – 离婚或分居后形成的混合家庭，至少一方带来前段关系中的子女，也称作继亲家庭。

Lone-parent family – A family where one parent cares for dependent children. The increase in lone parenthood has been linked to changing divorce laws and social attitudes.

单亲家庭 – 由单亲抚育受抚养子女的家庭。单亲家庭的增加与离婚法律和社会态度的变化有关。

Symmetrical family – A family form identified by Young and Willmott where roles are shared more equally between husband and wife, and both partners engage in paid work and domestic tasks.

对称家庭 – 杨和威尔莫特识别的家庭形式，夫妻角色更为平等地分担，双方均参与有薪工作和家务劳动。

Conjugal roles – The roles played by a married or cohabiting couple. Joint conjugal roles mean sharing household tasks; segregated conjugal roles mean separate, gender-defined spheres.

婚姻角色 – 已婚或同居伴侣扮演的角色。联合婚姻角色指共同分担家务；隔离婚姻角色则意味着分工明确、性别区隔。

Instrumental role – The breadwinner, task-oriented role traditionally assigned to men in Parson’s functionalist model. Think ‘instruments’ = tools for providing.

工具性角色 – 养家糊口、以任务为导向的角色，帕森斯的功能主义模型中传统上赋予男性。记忆：instrument 像工具，用来提供资源。

Expressive role – The nurturing, emotional role traditionally performed by women, focused on caring for children and the home. ‘Expressive’ = expressing love and care.

表意性角色 – 传统上由女性承担的抚育、情感角色，专注照顾子女和家庭。”表意” 即表达爱与关怀。

Cohabitation – Living together in an intimate relationship without being legally married. This has become a common family form, often preceding or replacing marriage.

同居 – 未依法结婚而亲密地共同生活。这已成为常见的家庭形式，常先于或替代婚姻。

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8. Education: Key Concepts | 教育：核心概念

Hidden curriculum – The informal lessons taught in schools, such as punctuality, obedience, and acceptance of hierarchy, which reinforce social norms. It is ‘hidden’ because it is not officially taught.

隐性课程 – 学校中非正式教授的课程，如守时、服从、接受等级，从而强化社会规范。因其不在正式课表中，故称 “隐性”。

Meritocracy – A system where individuals achieve rewards and positions based on ability and effort. The education system claims to be meritocratic, though critics point to barriers limiting true meritocracy.

精英主义/任人唯贤 – 个人凭能力和努力获得奖励与地位的系统。教育体系声称自己任人唯贤，尽管批评者指出存在阻碍真正精英主义的障碍。

Cultural capital (Bourdieu) – The knowledge, language, attitudes and experiences valued by the education system, which middle-class children tend to possess. This gives them an advantage, making the system appear fair while reproducing inequality.

文化资本（布迪厄） – 被教育体系所看重的知识、语言、态度和经历，中产阶级子女更可能拥有。这赋予他们优势，使制度看似公平却再生产不平等。

Cultural deprivation – The idea that some groups

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