AS Eduqas Economics: Essential Terms & Memory Guide | AS Eduqas 经济：词汇术语速记指南

📚 AS Eduqas Economics: Essential Terms & Memory Guide | AS Eduqas 经济：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the terminology of AS Economics is half the battle. This guide takes you through the key concepts for the Eduqas specification, pairing clear English definitions with equivalent Chinese explanations and practical memory tricks. Keep it as your quick‑reference companion while revising.

掌握AS经济学的术语是成功的一半。本指南带你梳理Eduqas考纲中的核心概念，用清晰的英文定义配合中文解释和实用的记忆技巧，让你在复习时能随时快速查阅。

1. Scarcity, Opportunity Cost and Production Possibility Frontiers | 稀缺性、机会成本与生产可能性边界

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: resources are limited, but human wants are unlimited. This forces all economic agents – individuals, firms and governments – to make choices about how to allocate scarce resources.

稀缺性是基本的经济问题：资源有限而人类欲望无穷。这迫使所有经济主体——个人、企业和政府——必须做出关于如何配置稀缺资源的选择。

Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It includes both explicit money costs and implicit non‑money sacrifices. For example, the opportunity cost of studying for an AS exam includes not only tuition fees but also the wages you could have earned in a part‑time job.

机会成本是指做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案的价值。它既包括显性的货币成本，也包括隐性的非货币牺牲。例如，复习AS考试的机会成本不仅包括学费，还包括你本可以做兼职赚到的工资。

A production possibility frontier (PPF) shows the maximum combinations of two goods that can be produced with given resources and technology. Points on the curve are productively efficient; points inside indicate inefficiency. Outward shifts of the PPF represent economic growth, achieved through more resources or better technology.

生产可能性边界（PPF）表示在给定资源和技术下能生产的两种商品的最大组合。曲线上的点是生产有效率的；内部点表示无效率。PPF向外移动代表经济增长，这来自更多资源或更好的技术。

Memory tip: Think of the PPF as a ‘bowed‑out’ shape because of increasing opportunity cost. As you produce more of one good, you must give up increasing amounts of the other. Remember: ‘Scarcity forces choice, choice creates cost.’

记忆技巧：把PPF想象成一条向外弯曲的曲线，原因是机会成本递增。当你多生产一种商品时，你放弃的另一种商品的数量会越来越多。记住：“稀缺迫使选择，选择产生成本。”

2. Demand and Supply: The Price Mechanism | 需求与供给：价格机制

Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices, ceteris paribus. The law of demand says that as price rises, quantity demanded falls, due to the income and substitution effects.

需求是指在其他条件不变时，消费者愿意并能够在不同价格下购买的商品或服务的数量。需求定律指出，价格上升，需求量下降，这是由收入效应和替代效应导致的。

Supply is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply states that higher prices incentivise producers to supply more, as profitability increases.

供给是指生产者愿意并能够在不同价格下提供出售的数量。供给定律表明，价格越高，激励生产者提供越多，因为利润增加。

Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, determining the equilibrium price. Excess demand pushes price up; excess supply pushes price down. This automatic role of prices in allocating resources is the ‘price mechanism’ – Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’.

市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量时，决定了均衡价格。超额需求推动价格上升；超额供给推动价格下降。价格在资源配置中的这种自发作用就是“价格机制”——亚当·斯密所说的“看不见的手”。

Memory tip: Visualise the demand curve sloping down and the supply curve sloping up. Use the phrase ‘buyers want low, sellers want high, and the market finds the middle’.

记忆技巧：想象需求曲线向下倾斜，供给曲线向上倾斜。记一句口诀：“买家想

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