AS WJEC Sociology: Summer Preparation & Bridging Course | AS WJEC 社会学：暑期预习与衔接课程

📚 AS WJEC Sociology: Summer Preparation & Bridging Course | AS WJEC 社会学：暑期预习与衔接课程

Welcome to your summer bridge into AS WJEC Sociology. This course will introduce you to the fascinating world of studying society, culture and human behaviour. You will explore how our identities are shaped, how families function and how sociologists go about researching social life. By engaging with these materials over the summer, you will build a strong foundation for your Year 12 studies and feel confident walking into your first sociology lesson.

欢迎来到你的 AS WJEC 社会学暑期衔接课程。本课程将带你进入一个研究社会、文化与人类行为的迷人世界。你将探索我们的身份如何被塑造、家庭如何运作，以及社会学家如何进行社会研究。利用暑假时间深入这些材料，你将为自己的 12 年级学习打下坚实基础，满怀信心地走进第一节社会学课堂。

1. Welcome to AS Sociology | 欢迎进入 AS 社会学

AS Sociology with WJEC is a modular course designed to develop your critical understanding of the social world. You will study two units: Unit 1 – Socialisation and Culture, and Unit 2 – Methods of Sociological Enquiry alongside one chosen topic such as Families and Households. The course encourages you to question everyday assumptions and to examine evidence about how society works.

WJEC 的 AS 社会学是一门模块化课程，旨在培养你对社会世界的批判性理解。你将学习两个单元：单元一——社会化与文化，以及单元二——社会学研究方法，外加一个自选主题，例如家庭与住户。这门课程鼓励你质疑日常假设，并审视有关社会运行方式的证据。

Over the summer, you are not expected to master everything. Instead, this bridging course will help you get familiar with the key concepts, debates and study skills that will make your transition into AS Sociology smooth and enjoyable. Take your time, make notes and, most importantly, stay curious.

在暑假期间，你不需要掌握一切。相反，本衔接课程将帮助你熟悉关键概念、争议和学术技能，让你顺利、愉快地过渡到 AS 社会学。慢慢来，做笔记，最重要的是保持好奇心。

2. What is Sociology? Core Concepts | 什么是社会学？核心概念

Sociology is the systematic study of society, social groups and social institutions. It examines how human behaviour is shaped by the structures around us – such as class, gender, ethnicity and culture – and how individuals in turn shape those structures. Sociologists ask questions like: Why do some groups achieve more in education than others? How do families change over time? What role does the media play in our identity?

社会学是对社会、社会群体和社会制度的系统研究。它探讨人类行为如何被我们周围的结构——如阶级、性别、种族和文化——所塑造，以及个体又如何反过来塑造那些结构。社会学家会问这样的问题：为什么某些群体在教育上比其他人更成功？家庭如何随时间而变化？媒体在我们的身份认同中扮演什么角色？

Key sociological concepts include social norms (expected behaviours), values (beliefs about what is right and wrong), status (social position) and roles (the behaviours expected of a status). Understanding these ideas will help you analyse every topic on the WJEC specification. Start observing these elements in your own life – you are already surrounded by sociology!

关键的社会学概念包括社会规范（预期的行为）、价值观（关于对错的信念）、地位（社会位置）和角色（对某个地位所期望的行为）。理解这些观念将有助于你分析 WJEC 大纲中的每一个主题。开始在你自己的生活中观察这些元素吧——你已经生活在社会学之中了！

3. Socialisation: The Process of Learning Society | 社会化：学习社会的过程

Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values and behaviours appropriate to their society. It is divided into two main stages: primary socialisation, which occurs in the early years mainly within the family, and secondary socialisation, which takes place later through institutions such as schools, peer groups, the media and religion.

社会化是个体学习适合其社会的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。它分为两个主要阶段：初级社会化，发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭内；次级社会化，在之后通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和宗教等机构发生。

For WJEC Unit 1, you will need to evaluate the role of different agencies of socialisation. For example, functionalists argue that schools socialise children into shared values and prepare them for the workplace, while Marxists see education as a tool to maintain class inequality. You will also analyse how the media can reinforce gender roles or create youth subcultures.

对于 WJEC 单元一，你需要评估不同社会化中介的作用。例如，功能论者认为学校将儿童社会化为共享价值观并为其职场生活做准备，而马克思主义者则将教育视为维持阶级不平等的工具。你还要分析媒体如何强化性别角色或创造青少年亚文化。

4. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观

Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group of people. It includes language, customs, beliefs, traditions, fashion and food. Within every culture there is a set of norms – unwritten rules that guide behaviour – and values – the collective ideas about what is desirable and morally correct. Sociologists are interested in how cultures vary across societies and over time, as well as how subcultures emerge within a dominant culture.

文化指的是一个群体的全部生活方式，包括语言、习俗、信仰、传统、时尚和饮食。在每一种文化中都有一套规范——指导行为的不成文规则——以及价值观——关于什么是可取的和道德正确的集体观念。社会学家感兴趣的是文化如何因社会而异、如何随时间变化，以及亚文化如何在主流文化中出现。

In AS Sociology, you will examine concepts such as cultural diversity, multiculturalism and cultural relativity. You will also consider whether there is a ‘British culture’ or whether identity is too fragmented to define. Starting a vocabulary log for cultural terms now will be extremely useful when you tackle your first set of exam questions.

在 AS 社会学中，你将审视文化多样性、多元文化主义和文化相对主义等概念。你还将思考是否存在一种“英国文化”，或者身份认同是否过于碎片化而难以定义。从现在开始建立一个文化术语词汇表，对你攻克第一批考试题目将极为有益。

5. Identity and the Self | 身份认同与自我

Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. It can be personal (your unique characteristics) or social (the groups you belong to). Sociologists explore how identities are formed through social interaction, labelling and structural forces. Topics such as gender identity, ethnic identity, national identity and youth identity feature strongly in the WJEC Unit 1 exam.

身份认同是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。它可以是个人的（你独特的特征）或社会的（你所属的群体）。社会学家探索身份如何通过社会互动、标签化和结构力量而形成。性别认同、族群认同、国家认同和青年认同等主题在 WJEC 单元一考试中占很大比重。

A useful summer exercise is to keep a reflective journal. Each day, write a short note about which aspects of your identity were most prominent and what agents of socialisation influenced them. This will not only deepen your understanding but also provide vivid real-life examples that you can use in essays.

一个有用的暑期练习是写反思日记。每天简单记录下你身份中哪些方面最为突出，以及哪些社会化中介影响了它们。这不仅能加深你的理解，还能为你提供生动的现实实例，可用在论文中。

6. Introducing Sociological Theory | 介绍社会学理论

Theory is essential in sociology. It provides a lens through which to interpret social phenomena. WJEC expects you to be familiar with three broad perspectives:

理论在社会学中至关重要，它提供了一个解释社会现象的镜头。WJEC 希望你熟悉三大宽广视角：

Functionalism: Society is a stable system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain social order.

功能论：社会是一个稳定的系统，由相互连接的部分组成，它们共同维持社会秩序。

Marxism: Society is characterised by class conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class).

马克思主义：社会以资产阶级（统治阶级）和无产阶级（工人阶级）之间的阶级冲突为特征。

Feminism: Society is structured by patriarchy, and gender inequality must be uncovered and challenged.

女性主义：社会由父权制构成，性别不平等必须被揭示和挑战。

You will also encounter interactionism, which focuses on small-scale, everyday interactions and the meanings people attach to them. For each perspective, you need to understand its key thinkers, strengths and criticisms. Applying these theories to topics like families or education is a core skill in the WJEC exams.

你还会遇到互动论，它聚焦于小规模、日常的互动以及人们赋予它们的意义。对于每一个视角，你都需要了解其关键思想家、优势和批评。将这些理论应用于家庭或教育等主题是 WJEC 考试的核心技能。

7. Research Methods: How Sociologists Study Society | 研究方法：社会学家如何研究社会

Unit 2 of AS WJEC Sociology is dedicated to research methods. You will learn how sociologists design studies, collect data and analyse it to draw conclusions about social life. Key methods include questionnaires, interviews, observation (participant and non-participant), experiments and the analysis of secondary sources such as official statistics and documents.

AS WJEC 社会学的单元二专门研究研究方法。你将学习社会学家如何设计研究、收集数据并分析数据以得出关于社会生活的结论。关键方法包括问卷、访谈、观察（参与式和非参与式）、实验以及对二手资料的分析，如官方统计和文献。

You will also need to distinguish between quantitative data (numerical, often large-scale) and qualitative data (in-depth, word-based). Be prepared to evaluate each method’s strengths and limitations in terms of reliability, validity, representativeness and ethical issues. For instance, a structured interview may be reliable but lack validity, while a participant observation may provide deep insights but raise ethical concerns.

你还需要区分定量数据（数字型，通常是大规模）和定性数据（深入、基于文字的）。准备好从信度、效度、代表性和伦理问题等方面评价每种方法的优势与局限。例如，结构化访谈可能信度较高但缺乏效度，而参与观察可能提供深入洞见却引发伦理关切。

A great way to prepare is to look at actual sociological studies. Over the summer, find a summary of a classic study such as Paul Willis’s ‘Learning to Labour’ or Rosenthal and Jacobson’s ‘Pygmalion in the Classroom’ and identify the methods they used. This will bring the theory of research methods to life.

一个很好的准备方法是看看实际的社会学研究。暑假期间，找一份经典研究的摘要，比如保罗·威利斯的《学做工》或罗森塔尔和雅各布森的《课堂中的皮格马利翁》，并识别他们使用的方法。这会让研究方法理论活起来。

8. Option Topic Spotlight: Families and Households | 可选主题聚焦：家庭与住户

Many WJEC centres choose Families and Households as their Unit 2 option topic. This area explores the changing structures and roles within families, the nature of childhood, and how family life is affected by social policies and wider economic forces. You will examine alternatives to the nuclear family, such as cohabitation, lone-parent families and same-sex families.

许多 WJEC 中心选择家庭与住户作为单元二的可选主题。该领域探讨家庭结构和角色的变化、童年的本质，以及家庭生活如何受到社会政策和更广泛的经济力量的影响。你将考察核心家庭的替代形式，如同居、单亲家庭和同性家庭。

Key debates include: Has the family lost its functions? Is the symmetrical family real? How does domestic labour divide along gender lines? Sociologists like Ann Oakley (on housework) and Talcott Parsons (on family functions) are central. For now, start noting how family forms are portrayed in the media and whether your own family experience matches the ‘ideal’ you see in films or advertising.

关键争论包括：家庭是否已丧失其功能？对称家庭是否真实存在？家务劳动如何按性别划分？像安·奥克利（论家务）和塔尔科特·帕森斯（论家庭功能）这样的社会学家是核心人物。现在，开始留意媒体如何描绘家庭形态，以及你自己的家庭经验是否与你在电影或广告中看到的“理想”相符。

If your school has chosen a different topic such as Education or Media, many of the same theoretical and methodological skills apply. The important thing is to engage critically with whichever topic you end up studying.

如果你的学校选择了其它主题，如教育或媒体，许多相同的理论和方法技能仍然适用。重要的是对你最终学习的任何主题进行批判性参与。

9. Key Study Skills for Sociology | 社会学关键学习技能

AS Sociology requires more than memorising facts. You must be able to analyse, evaluate and construct coherent arguments using sociological evidence. Start developing these skills now:

AS 社会学不仅仅需要记忆事实。你必须能够使用社会学证据分析、评估并构建条理清晰的论证。现在就开始培养这些技能吧：

Build a glossary of key terms for each topic. Familiarise yourself with command words like ‘outline’, ‘explain’ and ‘evaluate’. Practise writing short paragraphs that link theory to examples. For instance, ‘Functionalists believe education promotes social solidarity because… A good illustration of this is…’ This becomes the building block of all your exam answers.

为每个主题建立一个关键词术语表。熟悉诸如“概述”“解释”和“评价”等指令词。练习写一些把理论和例子联系起来的短段落。例如：“功能论者认为教育促进社会团结，因为……一个很好的例证是……”这将成为你所有考试答案的基石。

10. Assessment Overview: WJEC AS Exams | 评估概述：WJEC AS 考试

AS WJEC Sociology is assessed through two written papers. Unit 1: Socialisation and Culture lasts 1 hour 30 minutes and contains short-answer questions and one essay. Unit 2: Methods of Sociological Enquiry plus the chosen topic lasts 2 hours and includes methods questions and a topic essay. Knowing the format will help you organise your revision from day one.

AS WJEC 社会学通过两份笔试试卷进行评估。单元一：社会化与文化，时长1小时30分钟，包括简答题和一篇论文。单元二：社会学研究方法及自选主题，时长2小时，包含方法题和主题论文。了解考试形式将从第一天起帮助你组织复习。

You will also need to be comfortable with the Assessment Objectives: AO1 (knowledge and understanding), AO2 (application) and AO3 (analysis and evaluation). All essay work demands a balance of these. In your summer note-taking, practise tagging your notes with AO1, AO2 or AO3 – this will train your brain for exam thinking.

你还需要熟悉评估目标：AO1（知识与理解）、AO2（应用）和 AO3（分析与评价）。所有论文写作都要求这些目标的平衡。在暑假做笔记时，练习为你的笔记标注 AO1、AO2 或 AO3——这将训练你的大脑进行考试思维。

11. Summer Bridging Activities | 暑期衔接活动

To make the most of this summer, try a range of structured activities that mirror what you will do in class. Here are five ideas:

为了充分利用这个暑假，尝试一系列反映课堂内容的结构化活动。以下是五个点子：

Watch a documentary such as ‘The Up Series’ or ‘Poor Kids’ and write a one-page sociological commentary.

观看一部纪录片，如《成长系列》或《贫穷的孩子》，并写一页纸的社会学评论。
Read a quality newspaper opinion piece on family or education and identify the values behind the argument.

阅读一篇关于家庭或教育的高质量报纸评论，识别其论点背后的价值观。
Conduct a mini research diary: record the gender roles you observe in adverts over one week.

做一份迷你研究日记：记录一周内你在广告中观察到的性别角色。
Create flashcards for sociological perspectives and their key thinkers.

制作社会学视角及其关键思想家的闪卡。
Watch a TED talk on identity and summarise it from a functionalist, Marxist and feminist angle.

观看一场关于身份认同的 TED 演讲，并从功能论、马克思主义和女性主义角度加以总结。

These tasks are not about getting everything right. They are about training your sociological imagination – a skill that will set you apart as an A-grade thinker.

这些任务不是要把所有事都做对，而是训练你的社会学的想象力——这项技能将使你成为一个 A 级思考者。

12. Next Steps: Preparing for September | 下一步：为九月做准备

As the summer draws to a close, organise your notes into a clear folder with sections for theory, methods and topics. Find out which option topic your school will teach and do a little pre-reading. Most importantly, arrive for your first lesson with a questioning mind. Sociology is not about accepting the world as it is – it is about uncovering the hidden structures and meanings behind everyday life. Enjoy the journey!

随着暑假接近尾声，将你的笔记整理到一个清晰的文件夹中，分为理论、方法和主题等部分。了解一下你学校将教授哪个自选主题，并做一些预读。最重要的是，带着善于提问的头脑来上第一课。社会学不是接受世界本来的样子——而是揭示日常生活背后隐藏的结构和意义。享受这段旅程吧！

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AS WJEC Sociology: Summer Preparation & Bridging Course | AS WJEC 社会学：暑期预习与衔接课程