A-Level CAIE German: Grammar Formulas Quick Reference | A-Level CAIE 德语:语法公式速查手册

📚 A-Level CAIE German: Grammar Formulas Quick Reference | A-Level CAIE 德语:语法公式速查手册

This quick reference manual presents the essential grammar rules and sentence patterns you will need for the CAIE A-Level German examination. Each “formula” is designed to be memorised and applied directly in reading, writing, listening and speaking tasks. By treating German structures like equations, you can build accurate sentences with confidence.

本速查手册呈现CAIE A-Level德语考试必备的核心语法规则与句型公式。每一条“公式”都可供你直接记忆并应用于阅读、写作、听力和口语任务中。把德语结构看作方程,你就能自信地造出准确无误的句子。

1. Main Clause Word Order | 主句语序

The conjugated verb is always the second idea in a main clause; the subject can be swapped with other elements, but the verb stays in second position. Adverbial phrases and objects push the subject after the verb without breaking the rule.

主句中变位动词始终占据第二位;主语可以与其他成分交换位置,但动词必须保持在第二位。时间、地点等状语会将主语挤到动词后面,却不打破公式。

Main clause formula: Position 1 + conjugated verb + subject + … + remaining verbs at end.

主句公式:位置1 + 变位动词 + 主语 + … + 其余动词在句末。

Example: Morgen (Position 1) geht (conjugated verb) er (subject) ins Kino.

例句:Morgen(位置1)geht(变位动词)er(主语)ins Kino


2. Subordinate Clause Word Order | 从句语序

In all subordinate clauses introduced by a subordinating conjunction, the conjugated verb moves to the end of the clause. If there is a modal verb or an auxiliary, it becomes the last word; separable prefixes reattach.

在所有由从属连词引导的从句中,变位动词移至从句末尾。如果有情态动词或助动词,它们成为最后的词;可分离前缀重新与动词合体。

Subordinate clause formula: Subjunction + subject + … + (other complements) + conjugated verb (at end).

从句公式:从属连词 + 主语 + … + (其他补足语) + 变位动词(在句末)。

Example: Ich weiß, dass er morgen ins Kino geht. (dass clause, verb geht at end)

例句:Ich weiß, dass er morgen ins Kino geht。(dass从句,动词geht在末尾)


3. Verb Conjugation Patterns | 动词变位模式

Regular weak verbs follow a predictable stem + ending pattern. Strong verbs change their stem vowel in the 2nd and 3rd person singular present tense. Mixed verbs combine stem vowel change with weak endings. Memorise these three categories as formulas.

规则弱变化动词遵循可预测的词干+词尾模式。强变化动词在现在时第二、第三人称单数中改变词干元音。混合变化动词兼具元音变化与弱变化词尾。请将这三类作为公式记忆。

Person Weak (spielen) Strong (sehen) Mixed (denken)
ich spiele sehe denke
du spielst siehst denkst
er/sie/es spielt sieht denkt
wir spielen sehen denken
ihr spielt seht denkt
sie/Sie spielen sehen denken

For modal verbs, the singular forms have no ending in the 1st and 3rd person and a vowel change where applicable (können → kann, darf, muss, etc.). Formula: stem change (singular) + no ending.

情态动词单数第一、三人称无词尾,适当时伴元音变化(können → kann, darf, muss等)。公式:词干变化(单数)+ 无词尾。


4. Noun Gender & Case Declensions | 名词性与格变化

Every German noun has a gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and changes form according to case. The case formula relies on the article and any adjective that precedes the noun. Learn the definite article pattern as the master key.

每个德语名词都有性(阳性、阴性、中性)并随格变化。格的公式依赖于冠词及名词前的形容词。请将定冠词模式作为万能钥匙来掌握。

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative der die das die
Accusative den die das die
Dative dem der dem den (+n on noun)
Genitive des (+s/es on noun) der des (+s/es on noun) der

The indefinite article (ein-) follows the same endings as der/die/das except in the nominative masculine and neuter, where it has no ending (ein). Mixed declension merges definite and indefinite patterns after possessives.

不定冠词(ein-)词尾与der/die/das相同,但阳性主格和中性主格无词尾(ein)。混合变化在物主代词后合并定冠词和不定冠词模式。


5. Adjective Endings | 形容词词尾

Adjective endings depend on the preceding determiner and the gender/case of the noun. The three distinct formulas are: strong (no determiner), weak (definite article), and mixed (indefinite article/possessive).

形容词词尾取决于其前限定词和名词的性/格。三种不同的公式为:强变化(无限定词)、弱变化(定冠词后)、混合变化(不定冠词/物主代词后)。

Strong ending formula: take the definite article ending and add it to the adjective (except masc./neut. genitive: -en).

强变化公式:采用定冠词词尾并加在形容词上(阳性/中性第二格除外:-en)。

Weak ending formula: after der/das/die etc., adjective always ends in -e (nom. sg.) or -en (others and plural).

弱变化公式:der/das/die等后,形容词主格单数词尾为-e,其余及复数为-en。

Mixed ending formula: after ein/mein etc., choose strong endings where no ending on article, otherwise weak.

混合变化公式:ein/mein等后,当冠词无词尾时用强变化词尾,反之用弱变化。

For example: ein großer Hund (mixed, masc. nom.), der große Hund (weak), großer Hund (strong). Practice the logic as a case-by-case equation.

例如:ein großer Hund(混合,阳性主格),der große Hund(弱变化),großer Hund(强变化)。请将此逻辑作为逐例方程练习。


6. Preposition Cases | 介词格要求

Prepositions govern specific cases. Accusative prepositions answer “wohin?”, dative prepositions answer “wo?”, and two-way prepositions switch case based on motion versus location. Treat each preposition as a trigger for a case formula.

介词支配特定的格。所跟第四格的介词回答“wohin?”,第三格的介词回答“wo?”,双格介词根据动态或静态选择格。把每个介词视作格的触发器。

Accusative prepositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang.

第四格介词:durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis, entlang。

Dative prepositions: aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, außer, gegenüber.

第三格介词:aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, außer, gegenüber。

Two-way prepositions: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen.

双格介词:an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen。

Two-way formula: accusative if movement towards; dative if static location. Check the verb: legen (acc.) vs liegen (dat.).

双格公式:朝某方向运动用第四格;静态位置用第三格。检查动词:legen(四格)vs liegen(三格)。


7. Passive Voice Formula | 被动语态公式

The passive voice shifts focus from the agent to the action. Form it with the auxiliary werden + past participle, with the participle at the end. The agent (by whom) is expressed with von + dative.

被动语态将焦点从施事者转移至动作本身。由助动词werden + 过去分词构成,过去分词在句末。施事者用von + 第三格表达。

Present passive: werden (conjugated) + … + past participle.

现在时被动:werden(变位)+ … + 过去分词。

Past passive: wurden (conjugated) + … + past participle.

过去时被动:wurden(变位)+ … + 过去分词。

Perfect passive: sein (conjugated) + … + past participle + worden (not geworden).

完成时被动:sein(变位)+ … + 过去分词 + worden(非geworden)。

Modal passive: Das Problem muss gelöst werden. (modal verb + participle + werden). State passive with sein indicates result: Das Fenster ist geöffnet.

情态被动:Das Problem muss gelöst werden.(情态动词 + 分词 + werden)。sein构成的状态被动态表明结果:Das Fenster ist geöffnet.


8. Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II) Formulas | 虚拟式公式

The Subjunctive II expresses hypothetical situations, polite requests and reported wishes. Formula depends on whether you use the original verb form or the würde-infinitive construction. Weak and mixed verbs usually use würde + infinitive; strong verbs often have distinctive forms.

第二虚拟式表达假设情况、礼貌请求和转述愿望。公式取决于使用动词自身虚拟形式还是würde+不定式结构。弱变化与混合变化动词通常用würde+不定式;强变化动词常有特殊形式。

Strong verb formula: past stem + umlaut (if possible) + personal endings. e.g., haben → hätte; sein → wäre; gehen → ginge.

强变化动词公式:过去式词干 + 变音(如可能) + 人称词尾。例如,haben → hätte; sein → wäre; gehen → ginge。

würde-formula: würde (conjugated) + infinitive (at end).

würde公式:würde(变位)+ 不定式(句末)。

For past hypotheticals, use hätte/wäre + past participle. Example: Wenn ich mehr gelernt hätte, wäre ich nicht durchgefallen.

过去假设用hätte/wäre + 过去分词。例句:Wenn ich mehr gelernt hätte, wäre ich nicht durchgefallen.


9. Relative Clause Structure | 关系从句结构

Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns that reflect the gender and number of the antecedent and take their case from their function inside the clause. The verb goes to the end, following the subordinate clause formula.

关系从句由关系代词引导,关系代词体现先行词的性与数,其格由在从句中的功能决定。动词移至句末,遵循从句公式。

Relative pronoun = definite article pattern + same case as clause role.

关系代词 = 定冠词模式 + 与从句角色一致格。

Example: Der Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Onkel. (nom. masc.). Die Frau, der ich das Buch gab, lächelte. (dat. fem.). Note that genitive relative pronoun matches gender: dessen (masc./neut.), deren (fem./pl.).

例句:Der Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Onkel.(主格阳性)。Die Frau, der ich das Buch gab, lächelte.(与格阴性)。注意所有格关系代词匹配性别:dessen(阳/中性)、deren(阴/复数)。


10. Negation and Sentence Placement | 否定与位置

Negation in German revolves around nicht and kein. Kein replaces the indefinite article or zero article before nouns, following the ein-declension pattern. Nicht negates specific elements or the entire predicate, placed as close to the end as possible before the final verb part.

德语否定围绕nichtkein展开。Kein替换名词前的不定冠词或零冠词,遵循ein变格模式。Nicht否定特定成分或整个谓语,尽可能靠句末置于最终动词成分之前。

Negation formula for nouns: kein- + ending (masculine nom. kein, etc.) + noun.

名词否定公式:kein- + 词尾(阳性主格kein等)+ 名词。

Sentence negation: conjugated verb + … + nicht + (rest) + final verb part.

整句否定:变位动词 + … + nicht + (其余) + 句末动词部分。

If you negate a specific element (place, manner, time), place nicht directly before that element: Ich fahre nicht mit dem Bus, sondern mit der Bahn.

如果否定特定成分(地点、方式、时间),将nicht直接放在该成分前:Ich fahre nicht mit dem Bus, sondern mit der Bahn.


11. Time, Manner, Place Rule | 时间、方式、地点顺序

When multiple adverbials appear in a German sentence, they follow the rigid TMP (time – manner – place) order. This rule applies in main clauses and structures complements logically before the sentence bracket closes.

当句子中出现多个状语时,它们严格遵循TMP(时间 – 方式 – 地点)顺序。该规则适用于主句,并在句框闭合前逻辑地安排补足语。

TMP formula: Time + Manner + Place.

TMP公式:时间 + 方式 + 地点。

Example: Ich fahre morgen (time) mit dem Auto (manner) nach Berlin (place). In subordinate clauses the TMP order remains, but the verb moves to the end: …, dass ich morgen mit dem Auto nach Berlin fahre.

例句:Ich fahre morgen(时间)mit dem Auto(方式)nach Berlin(地点)。在从句中TMP顺序保持不变,但动词移至句末:…, dass ich morgen mit dem Auto nach Berlin fahre.

For emphasis, position 1 can be filled by a TMP element, but the internal sequence stays the same.

如要强调,可将TMP元素放在位置1,但内部顺序不变。


12. Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式

Adjectives and adverbs form the comparative by adding -er, and the superlative by using am + -sten for adverbial use or the definite article + -ste for attributive use. Vowel change with umlaut occurs for many common one-syllable adjectives.

形容词和副词比较级加-er,最高级在副词性使用时用am + -sten,定语用法中用定冠词 + -ste。许多常用单音节形容词发生变音。

Comparative: adjective stem + -er (plus umlaut if applicable).

比较级:形容词词干 + -er(适用时加变音)。

Superlative adverbial: am + adjective stem + -sten (e.g., am schnellsten).

副词性最高级:am + 形容词词干 + -sten(如 am schnellsten)。

Superlative attributive: der/die/das + adjective stem + -ste + appropriate adjective ending.

定语性最高级:der/die/das + 形容词词干 + -ste + 相应形容词词尾。

Comparison with als (than) and so … wie (as … as): Klaus ist größer als Petra; Er ist so intelligent wie sein Bruder. Irregular forms: gut → besser → am besten; viel → mehr → am meisten.

als(比)和so … wie(像……一样)进行比较:Klaus ist größer als PetraEr ist so intelligent wie sein Bruder。不规则形式:gut → besser → am besten;viel → mehr → am meisten。


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