📚 KS3 CAIE Computer Science: Glossary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | KS3 CAIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is the first step to success in KS3 CAIE Computer Science. This guide presents essential vocabulary in paired English–Chinese explanations, organised by topic to make memorisation fast and effective.
掌握关键术语是 KS3 CAIE 计算机科学成功的第一步。本指南按主题组织核心词汇，以英中对照的方式呈现，帮助快速高效记忆。
1. Hardware Essentials | 硬件基础
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the ‘brain’ of the computer that executes instructions. It contains the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) for calculations and the CU (Control Unit) to direct operations.
CPU（中央处理器）是计算机的“大脑”，负责执行指令。它包含用于计算的 ALU（算术逻辑单元）和用于指挥操作的 CU（控制单元）。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that temporarily stores data and programs currently in use; all contents are lost when power is turned off.
RAM（随机存取存储器）是易失性存储器，暂时存储正在使用的数据和程序；断电后所有内容都会丢失。
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that permanently stores the bootstrap loader (BIOS) needed to start the computer.
ROM（只读存储器）是非易失性存储器，永久存储启动计算机所需的引导程序（BIOS）。
The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all components, allowing communication between the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and input/output ports.
主板是连接所有部件的主电路板，使 CPU、RAM、存储设备和输入/输出端口之间能够通信。
A hard disk drive (HDD) uses magnetic platters to store data persistently, while a solid-state drive (SSD) uses flash memory with no moving parts, offering faster access and greater durability.
硬盘驱动器（HDD）使用磁性盘片持久存储数据，而固态硬盘（SSD）使用闪存，没有活动部件，访问速度更快且更耐用。
2. Software Categories | 软件分类
System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for running application software; the operating system (OS) is the most important example, handling memory management, file systems, and user interfaces.
系统软件管理硬件并为运行应用软件提供平台；操作系统（OS）是最重要的例子，负责内存管理、文件系统和用户界面。
Application software performs specific tasks for the user, such as word processors (e.g. Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (e.g. Excel), and web browsers (e.g. Chrome).
应用软件为用户执行特定任务，例如文字处理软件（如 Microsoft Word）、电子表格（如 Excel）和网络浏览器（如 Chrome）。
Utility software helps maintain, analyse, and optimise the computer; examples include antivirus programs, disk defragmenters, and backup tools.
实用程序软件帮助维护、分析和优化计算机；例子包括防病毒程序、磁盘碎片整理程序和备份工具。
Open-source software is distributed with its source code, allowing anyone to study, modify, and share it; proprietary software restricts access to the source code and requires a licence.
开源软件与其源代码一起分发，允许任何人学习、修改和共享；专有软件限制对源代码的访问，并需要许可证。
3. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Computer systems use binary (base‑2) because digital circuits have two states: on (1) and off (0). A single binary digit is called a bit, and a group of 8 bits forms a byte.
计算机系统使用二进制（基数为 2），因为数字电路有两种状态：开（1）和关（0）。单个二进制数字称为比特（bit），8 个比特组成一个字节（byte）。
The place values in an 8‑bit binary number are 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. To convert the binary 01000001 to decimal, add the place values where a ‘1’ appears: 64 + 1 = 65 (the ASCII code for ‘A’).
8 位二进制数的位权分别为 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1。要将二进制 01000001 转换为十进制，把出现“1”的位置的位权相加：64 + 1 = 65（这是 ‘A’ 的 ASCII 码）。
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) uses 7 bits to represent 128 characters, including letters, digits, and punctuation. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits for 256 characters.
ASCII（美国信息交换标准码）使用 7 位来表示 128 个字符，包括字母、数字和标点符号。扩展 ASCII 使用 8 位，可表示 256 个字符。
Unicode is a universal character encoding standard that can represent characters from virtually all writing systems; UTF‑8 is a variable‑width encoding compatible with ASCII.
Unicode 是一种通用字符编码标准，能够表示几乎所有书写系统的字符；UTF‑8 是一种与 ASCII 兼容的可变长度编码。
Sound is represented digitally by taking samples of the analogue wave at regular intervals; the sample rate (in Hz) and bit depth determine the quality and file size.
声音通过定期对模拟波采样来实现数字化；采样率（以 Hz 为单位）和位深度决定了音质和文件大小。
4. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra | 逻辑门与布尔代数
A logic gate is an elementary building block of digital circuits that takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output based on a Boolean function.
逻辑门是数字电路的基本构件，接收一个或多个二进制输入，并根据布尔函数产生单个二进制输出。
The NOT gate has one input and inverts it: if the input is 1, the output is 0. Its truth table is A: 0 → 1, 1 → 0.
非门有一个输入并将其反转：若输入为 1，则输出为 0。其真值表为 A: 0 → 1, 1 → 0。
The AND gate gives output 1 only when all inputs are 1. The OR gate gives output 1 when at least one input is 1. The XOR (exclusive OR) gate gives output 1 only when an odd number of inputs are 1.
与门仅在所有输入都为 1 时输出 1。或门至少有一个输入为 1 时输出 1。异或门仅在有奇数个 1 输入时输出 1。
Truth tables list all possible input combinations and the corresponding output for a logic circuit. They are used to design and simplify digital systems.
真值表列出逻辑电路所有可能的输入组合及其对应的输出，用于设计和简化数字系统。
Boolean algebra uses variables that have only two values (TRUE/FALSE or 1/0). De Morgan’s laws state: NOT (A AND B) = (NOT A) OR (NOT B) and NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B).
布尔代数使用只有两个值（真/假或 1/0）的变量。德摩根定律指出：NOT (A AND B) = (NOT A) OR (NOT B) 以及 NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B)。
5. Computer Networks | 计算机网络
A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources (files, printers) and communicate. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area, such as a school or office; a WAN (Wide Area Network) spans large distances, often connecting LANs across cities or countries.
网络是两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享资源（文件、打印机）并通信。LAN（局域网）覆盖小范围地理区域，如学校或办公室；WAN（广域网）跨越长距离，通常连接不同城市或国家的 LAN。
Network topology describes the arrangement of nodes and connections. Common topologies include star (all nodes connected to a central switch), bus (single shared cable), and mesh (devices interconnected).
网络拓扑描述了节点和连接的排列方式。常见的拓扑包括星型（所有节点连接到一个中央交换机）、总线型（单根共享电缆）和网状型（设备互连）。
A router directs data packets between different networks, often using IP addresses. A switch connects devices within the same network and forwards data only to the intended recipient, reducing collisions.
路由器在不同网络之间转发数据包，通常使用 IP 地址。交换机连接同一网络内的设备，并将数据仅发送给目标接收方，减少冲突。
Protocols are sets of rules governing data transmission. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the fundamental suite for the Internet; HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for web pages; FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers; and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for email.
协议是管理数据传输的一组规则。TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议）是互联网的基础套件；HTTP（超文本传输协议）用于网页；FTP（文件传输协议）用于文件传输；SMTP（简单邮件传输协议）用于电子邮件。
6. Internet and World Wide Web | 互联网与万维网
The Internet is a global network of interconnected networks, while the World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of websites and web pages accessed via the Internet using browsers.
互联网是一个全球互联的网络之网络，而万维网（WWW）是通过浏览器经由互联网访问的网站和网页的集合。
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web resource, e.g. https://www.example.com/page. It contains a protocol (https), a domain name (example.com), and optionally a path.
URL（统一资源定位符）是网络资源的地址，例如 https://www.example.com/page。它包含协议（https）、域名（example.com）以及可选的路径。
DNS (Domain Name System) translates human‑friendly domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses (like 142.250.190.46) so browsers can load resources.
DNS（域名系统）将人类可读的域名（如 google.com）转换为 IP 地址（如 142.250.190.46），以便浏览器加载资源。
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language for creating web pages. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) controls their visual presentation, and JavaScript adds interactivity.
HTML（超文本标记语言）是创建网页的标准标记语言。CSS（层叠样式表）控制其视觉呈现，JavaScript 添加交互性。
Cookies are small text files stored on a user’s computer by a website, used to remember login details, preferences, or track browsing activity.
Cookies 是网站存储在用户计算机上的小文本文件，用于记住登录信息、偏好设置或追踪浏览活动。
7. Algorithms and Programming Basics | 算法与编程基础
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step procedure to solve a problem; it must be finite, unambiguous, and have a clear input and output. Pseudocode is a plain‑language description of an algorithm that resembles code but is easier for humans to read.
算法是解决问题的分步过程；它必须是有限的、明确的，并有明确的输入和输出。伪代码是用自然语言对算法的描述，类似于代码但更易于人类阅读。
A flowchart uses standard symbols to represent an algorithm visually: ovals for start/end, parallelograms for input/output, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions.
流程图使用标准符号直观地表示算法：椭圆形表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，矩形表示处理，菱形表示判断。
Sequence means executing instructions one after another. Selection uses conditions (IF…THEN…ELSE) to branch. Iteration repeats a block of code, either a counted loop (FOR) or a condition‑based loop (WHILE).
顺序意味着一条接一条地执行指令。选择使用条件（IF…THEN…ELSE）来分支。迭代重复执行一个代码块，可以是计数循环（FOR）或条件循环（WHILE）。
A variable is a named memory location that stores a value which can change during program execution. A constant stores a value that remains the same throughout the program.
变量是一个具名的内存位置，存储在程序执行期间可以改变的值。常量存储的值在整个程序中保持不变。
Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in code. Syntax errors break the grammar of the language; logic errors produce incorrect results even though the code runs.
调试是发现并修复代码中错误（bug）的过程。语法错误违反语言规则；逻辑错误即使代码运行也会产生不正确的结果。
8. Cyber Security and Safety | 网络安全与安全
Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit a computer system. Viruses attach to files and spread when executed; worms replicate and spread independently; trojans disguise themselves as legitimate programs.
恶意软件是旨在危害或利用计算机系统的恶意软件。病毒附着在文件上并在执行时传播；蠕虫独立复制和传播；木马伪装成合法程序。
Phishing is a social‑engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords or bank details.
网络钓鱼是一种社会工程学攻击，通过欺诈性的邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露密码或银行账户等敏感信息。
Encryption scrambles data into ciphertext so that only authorised parties with the key can read it; it protects confidentiality during storage and transmission.
加密将数据扰乱成密文，只有持有密钥的授权方才能读取；它在存储和传输过程中保护了机密性。
A firewall monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, acting as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks.
防火墙根据预定的安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量，充当可信内部网络与不可信外部网络之间的屏障。
Strong authentication often uses two‑factor authentication (2FA), requiring a password (something you know) and a temporary code from a smartphone (something you have).
强身份验证通常使用双因素认证（2FA），要求密码（你知道的）以及来自智能手机的临时代码（你拥有的）。
9. Data Storage and Units | 数据存储与单位
Data storage capacity is measured in bytes. Common units: kilobyte (KB) ~ 10³ bytes, megabyte (MB) ~ 10⁶, gigabyte (GB) ~ 10⁹, terabyte (TB) ~ 10¹². Note that in computing, some use binary prefixes where 1 KiB = 1024 bytes.
数据存储容量以字节为单位。常见单位：千字节 (KB) ~ 10³ 字节，兆字节 (MB) ~ 10⁶，吉字节 (GB) ~ 10⁹，太字节 (TB) ~ 10¹²。注意在计算领域，一些使用二进制前缀，其中 1 KiB = 1024 字节。
Primary storage (RAM, ROM) is directly accessed by the CPU. Secondary storage (HDD, SSD, USB flash drives) retains data permanently and is non‑volatile.
主存储器（RAM、ROM）由 CPU 直接访问。辅助存储器（HDD、SSD、USB 闪存驱动器）永久保留数据，是非易失性的。
Cloud storage stores data on remote servers accessed via the Internet, offering accessibility from multiple devices and automatic backup, but relying on an Internet connection.
云存储将数据存储在通过互联网访问的远程服务器上，提供了多设备访问和自动备份，但依赖互联网连接。
Compression reduces file size. Lossless compression (e.g. ZIP) allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed; lossy compression (e.g. JPEG, MP3) sacrifices some quality for smaller files.
压缩减小文件大小。无损压缩（如 ZIP）允许完全还原原始数据；有损压缩（如 JPEG、MP3）牺牲部分质量以换得更小的文件。
10. Emerging Technologies and Digital Citizenship | 新兴技术与数字公民
Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables machines to simulate human intelligence, learning from data and making decisions. Machine learning is a subset where algorithms improve through experience without explicit programming.
人工智能（AI）使机器能够模拟人类智能，从数据中学习并做出决策。机器学习是一个子集，算法无需明确编程即可通过经验改进。
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to everyday objects embedded with sensors and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data (e.g. smart thermostats, fitness trackers).
物联网（IoT）指嵌入了传感器和连接功能的日常物品，使它们能够收集和交换数据（例如智能恒温器、健身追踪器）。
Digital footprint is the trail of data you leave online, including social media posts, browsing history, and location data. A positive digital footprint can benefit future education and career opportunities.
数字足迹是你在网上留下的数据踪迹，包括社交媒体帖子、浏览历史和位置数据。积极的数字足迹有助于未来的教育和职业机会。
Copyright law protects creators’ original works (text, music, software). Plagiarism is using someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment; always cite sources and respect intellectual property.
版权法保护创作者的原创作品（文字、音乐、软件）。抄袭是指未恰当承认地使用他人作品；始终引用来源并尊重知识产权。
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