KS3 CCEA Law Glossary: Fast-Track Vocabulary Guide | KS3 CCEA 法律：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 CCEA Law Glossary: Fast-Track Vocabulary Guide | KS3 CCEA 法律：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering law begins with language. In this KS3 CCEA guide, we break down essential legal terms into clear, bite-size explanations. Each concept is presented in English and Chinese to support bilingual learners, helping you build confidence whether you are preparing for class discussions, written tasks, or end-of-topic assessments. With memory aids and real-world links, these key words will quickly become part of your everyday vocabulary.

掌握法律从语言开始。在这份 KS3 CCEA 指南中，我们将核心法律术语拆解为简洁、易懂的解释。每个概念都以英中双语呈现，帮助双语学习者建立信心，无论你是在准备课堂讨论、书面作业还是单元结束评估。结合记忆策略和现实关联，这些关键词将迅速成为你日常词汇的一部分。

1. Essential Legal Vocabulary | 核心法律词汇

Law is a system of rules created and enforced by the state. It tells us what we can and cannot do, and it provides a way to settle disagreements fairly.

法律是国家制定并执行的一套规则体系。它告诉我们能做什么、不能做什么，同时提供了公平解决争端的途径。

Justice means fairness in the way people are treated. Courts aim to deliver justice by applying the law equally to everyone.

正义是指人们受到公平对待。法院通过平等适用法律来实现正义。

A right is a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something. For example, the right to a fair trial is protected by law.

权利是指道德上或法律上有权拥有某物或做某事。例如，获得公正审判的权利受到法律保护。

A duty or responsibility is something you are expected to do. Obeying the law and serving on a jury are both legal duties.

义务或责任是你应当履行的行为。遵守法律和担任陪审员都是法律义务。

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2. The Courtroom and Its Players | 法庭及其角色

The judge is the person in charge of a court. In a trial, the judge makes sure the rules are followed, explains the law to the jury and, if the defendant is found guilty, decides the sentence.

法官是法庭的负责人。在审判中，法官确保规则得到遵守，向陪审团解释法律，并在被告被定罪时决定刑罚。

The jury is a group of ordinary citizens, usually 12, who listen to the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Their decision is called the verdict.

陪审团是一群普通公民，通常由 12 人组成，他们听取证据并裁定被告有罪还是无罪。他们的决定称为裁决。

A barrister is a lawyer who presents cases in court, often wearing a wig and gown. A solicitor is a lawyer who advises clients and prepares legal documents, and may also appear in lower courts.

出庭律师是在法庭上陈述案件的大律师，经常穿戴假发和长袍。事务律师是向客户提供咨询并准备法律文书的律师，也可以在低级别法院出庭。

The defendant is the person accused of a crime or sued in a civil case. In criminal law, the case is brought by the prosecution, which represents the state.

被告是在刑事案件中被指控或在民事案件中被起诉的人。在刑法中，案件由代表国家的控方提起。

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3. Criminal Law in a Nutshell | 刑法速览

A crime is an act that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Criminal law deals with offences against the community, such as theft, assault and murder.

犯罪是违反法律、受到国家惩罚的行为。刑法处理的是危害社会的罪行，例如盗窃、袭击和谋杀。

When someone is arrested, the police take them into custody because they are suspected of committing a crime. They are then charged with a specific offence and may be released on bail or kept in detention before trial.

当某人被逮捕时，警方因怀疑其犯罪而将其拘留。之后，他们被指控犯有特定罪行，可能在审判前获保释或继续被羁押。

The burden of proof in a criminal case lies with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt – meaning the jury must be almost certain the defendant committed the crime.

刑事案件中的举证责任在控方。他们必须证明被告有罪超越合理怀疑——这意味着陪审团必须几乎肯定被告犯了罪。

If found guilty, the defendant is convicted and receives a sentence, which could be a fine, community service or imprisonment. If found not guilty, they are acquitted and free to go.

如果被判有罪，被告即被定罪并接受刑罚，可能是罚款、社区服务或监禁。如果被判无罪，他们即被开释并重获自由。

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4. Civil Law Essentials | 民法基础

Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations, not crimes against the state. The person who starts the case is the plaintiff (or claimant) and the person who responds is the defendant.

民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷，而非针对国家的犯罪。提起诉讼的人是原告，作出回应的人是被告。

A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm to someone, such as negligence or trespass. In tort cases, the plaintiff usually seeks compensation, called damages.

侵权行为是造成他人伤害的民事错误，例如疏忽或擅闯。在侵权案件中，原告通常寻求赔偿，即损害赔偿金。

Negligence happens when a person fails to take reasonable care and that failure causes loss or injury. Drivers, doctors and manufacturers all have a duty of care.

过失是指一个人未能尽到合理注意义务，且该失误导致损失或伤害。司机、医生和制造商都负有注意义务。

The standard of proof in civil law is lower than in criminal law. The plaintiff must prove their case on the balance of probabilities – meaning it is more likely than not that their claim is true.

民法的证明标准低于刑法。原告必须基于可能性的权衡证明其案件——即其主张更有可能是真实的。

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5. Legal Documents and Terms | 法律文书与用语

A Bill is a proposal for a new law. When it is debated and passed by Parliament and receives royal assent, it becomes an Act of Parliament, also called a statute.

法案是一项新法律的提案。当它在议会辩论通过并获得王室的御准后，即成为国会法令，也称为制定法。

A summons is a document that tells a person they must appear in court. A writ is a formal written order issued by a court, for example, to enforce a right or stop an action.

传票是通知某人必须出庭的文件。令状是法院发出的正式书面命令，例如，强制执行一项权利或停止某种行为。

An indictment is the formal document that sets out the charges in a serious criminal case heard in the Crown Court. For less serious offences, the charge is usually presented as a written complaint.

公诉书是在刑事法院审理严重刑事案件时列出指控的正式文书。对于较轻的罪行，指控通常以书面投诉的形式提出。

A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. For a contract to be valid, there must be an offer, acceptance and consideration (something of value exchanged).

合同是双方或多方之间具有法律约束力的协议。一份有效的合同必须包含要约、承诺和对价（交换的有价值物）。

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6. Key Principles and Maxims | 重要原则与格言

The presumption of innocence is the rule that a defendant is considered innocent until proven guilty. This is a fundamental human right in a fair trial.

无罪推定是指被证明有罪之前被告被视为无辜的原则。这是公正审判中的一项基本人权。

Habeas corpus is a Latin phrase meaning ‘you shall have the body’. It is a legal writ that prevents the state from holding a person in prison without a valid reason.

人身保护令是一个拉丁语句子，意为“你应拥有人身”。它是一项防止国家无正当理由监禁人身自由的法律令状。

Stare decisis means ‘to stand by things decided’. It is the doctrine of precedent, where lower courts follow the decisions of higher courts to ensure the law is consistent and predictable.

遵循先例原则意味着“遵循已决之事”。这是判例法原则，即下级法院遵循上级法院的判决，以保证法律的一致性与可预测性。

Ultra vires translates as ‘beyond the powers’. If a public body acts ultra vires, it does something it has no legal authority to do, and that action can be challenged in court.

越权原则可译为“超出权限”。如果一个公共机构越权行事，即做了其无法律权限的行为，那么该行为可在法院受到挑战。

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7. Understanding Rights and Responsibilities | 理解权利与责任

Human rights are basic rights and freedoms to which every person is entitled, such as the right to life, liberty and a fair trial. In the UK, these are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998.

人权是人人有权享有的基本权利和自由，例如生命权、自由权和公正审判权。在英国，这些受到《1998年人权法》的保护。

Legal capacity is the ability to make decisions and take actions that have legal consequences. Children generally have limited capacity until they reach 18, but some rights increase at 16.

法律行为能力是指能够做出具有法律后果的决定和采取行动的能力。儿童在 18 岁之前通常只有有限的行为能力，但某些权利在 16 岁时会增加。

Citizens have the responsibility to obey the law, pay taxes and, when called, serve on a jury. Exercising your rights without respecting the rights of others can lead to legal conflict.

公民有义务遵守法律、纳税以及在需要时担任陪审员。行使自己的权利而不尊重他人的权利可能导致法律冲突。

Discrimination means treating a person or group unfairly because of a particular characteristic, such as race, gender or disability. Anti-discrimination laws protect individuals against such behaviour.

歧视是指因种族、性别或残疾等特定特征而不公平地对待某个人或群体。反歧视法保护个人免受此类行为的侵害。

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8. Commonly Confused Terms | 易混淆术语

Theft, robbery and burglary are often mixed up. Theft is simply taking someone else’s property without permission. Robbery is theft using force or the threat of force. Burglary is entering a building without permission with the intention to commit theft or another crime.

盗窃、抢劫和入室盗窃经常被混淆。盗窃仅仅是在未经许可的情况下取走他人财物。抢劫是使用武力或威胁使用武力的盗窃。入室盗窃是未经许可进入建筑物并意图实施盗窃或其他犯罪。

Murder is the intentional killing of another person with malice aforethought. Manslaughter is an unlawful killing without the intent to kill, for example, through gross negligence or in the heat of the moment.

谋杀是怀着恶意预谋故意杀害他人。过失杀人则是没有杀人意图的非法杀人，例如因重大过失或一时冲动造成。

Assault and battery are two separate offences. Assault is the act of causing someone to fear immediate unlawful violence. Battery is the actual physical contact – such as hitting or spitting – without consent.

恐吓和殴打是两项不同的罪行。恐吓是指使某人担心自己马上会遭受非法暴力的行为。殴打是指未经同意实际的身体接触，如打击或吐口水。

A barrister and a solicitor are both lawyers but have different roles. A barrister represents clients in courtrooms, while a solicitor mainly works outside court, giving advice and handling paperwork.

出庭律师和事务律师都是律师，但角色不同。出庭律师在法庭上代表客户，而事务律师主要在庭外工作，提供咨询和处理文书工作。

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9. Memory Hacks for Legal Terms | 法律术语记忆妙招

Create ‘legal stories’ using three terms at a time. For example, imagine a burglar who first commits theft, then uses force (robbery) and finally hides inside a building (burglary). Linking terms in a narrative makes them stick.

每次使用三个术语编一个“法律故事”。例如，想象一个窃贼先实施了盗窃，然后使用武力（抢劫），最后躲进一栋建筑（入室盗窃）。用叙事方式将术语联系起来记得更牢。

Use the first-letter acronym method. For the key roles in a trial, think ‘J J B S D’ – Judge, Jury, Barrister, Solicitor, Defendant. Build a silly sentence: ‘Jolly Jellyfish Buy Slimy Donuts’ to recall the order.

使用首字母缩写法。对于审判中的关键角色，记住 ‘J J B S D’ ——法官、陪审团、出庭律师、事务律师、被告。编一个滑稽句子：“Jolly Jellyfish Buy Slimy Donuts” 来记忆顺序。

Draw a courtroom diagram and label every person and object. Visual learning helps cement vocabulary like witness box, dock and public gallery. Colour-coding (e.g. green for innocence, red for guilty) reinforces abstract ideas.

画出法庭示意图并标注每一处人和物。视觉学习有助于巩固证人席、被告席和公众旁听席等词汇。颜色编码（如绿色代表无辜，红色代表有罪）可以强化抽象概念。

Make flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition on the other. Walk around the room and read them aloud. Speaking and physical movement activate multiple memory pathways.

制作抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义。在房间里边走边大声朗读。说话与身体动作能激活多条记忆路径。

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10. Putting It All Together | 综合运用

Imagine a mock case: ‘Tom is accused of shoplifting (theft).’ Identify the people – the store manager could be the plaintiff, Tom is the defendant. The prosecutor brings the criminal case to the magistrate’s court. If the case is serious, it moves to the Crown Court where a jury decides the verdict. The judge gives a sentence if Tom is found guilty beyond reasonable doubt. By applying vocabulary in context, you turn passive knowledge into active skill.

想象一个模拟案件：“汤姆被控在商店行窃（盗窃）。”请识别人物 ——商店经理可以是原告，汤姆是被告。检察官将刑事案件带到治安法院。如果案件严重，将移送到刑事法院，由陪审团作出裁决。如果汤姆被证明超越合理怀疑有罪，法官将作出判决。通过在情境中应用词汇，你能将被动知识转化为主动技能。

Challenge yourself with a crossword or word search using the terms from this guide. Write sentences that use at least two legal words correctly: ‘The solicitor advised the defendant to accept liability in the tort case on the balance of probabilities.’ Consistent practice transforms unfamiliar jargon into everyday language.

用本指南中的术语挑战自己完成填字游戏或词语搜索。写作正确使用至少两个法律词语的句子：“事务律师建议被告在侵权案件中基于可能性的权衡接受责任。”持续练习将陌生的行话变成日常语言。

Finally, discuss a news story or a movie scene in which legal rights are contested. Ask: Who has the burden of proof? What standard of proof applies? Is it a criminal or civil matter? Connecting the classroom to real life is the best way to make these terms unforgettable.

最后，讨论一个有关法律权利争议的新闻故事或电影场景。问一问：谁负有举证责任？适用什么证明标准？这是刑事案件还是民事案件？将课堂与现实连接是让这些术语令人难忘的最佳方式。

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Published by TutorHao | Law Revision Series | aleveler.com

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