📚 KS3 CIE Physics Quick Reference Formula Handbook | KS3 CIE 物理 公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a concise summary of essential formulas and principles for the KS3 CIE Physics curriculum. Use it to quickly review key equations, units, and simple applications. Each section follows a bilingual format to help learners master both the English and Chinese terms.
本手册简明总结了 KS3 CIE 物理课程必备的公式和定理。你可以用它快速复习关键方程、单位及简单应用。每个小节均采用中英双语对照，帮助学习者同时掌握英文与中文术语。
1. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
The formula for speed links distance travelled and time taken:
v = d / t
Here v stands for speed, d for distance, and t for time. If a runner covers 100 m in 10 s, the average speed is 10 m/s.
速度公式将距离与时间联系起来：v = d / t，式中 v 表示速度，d 表示距离，t 表示时间。若一名跑步者 10 s 内跑完 100 m，平均速度即为 10 m/s。
The quantities and SI units are summarised below:
各物理量及国际单位总结如下：
| Symbol (符号) | Quantity (物理量) | Unit (单位) |
|---|---|---|
| v | speed | m/s |
| d | distance | m |
| t | time | s |
Remember that this equation gives average speed when distance and time refer to the whole journey.
记住，当距离和时间对应整段旅程时，该方程给出的是平均速度。
2. Acceleration | 加速度
Acceleration describes how quickly the speed of an object changes. The formula is:
a = (v – u) / t
where a is acceleration, v is final speed, u is initial speed, and t is the time taken for the change. Acceleration can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, sometimes called deceleration).
加速度描述物体速度变化的快慢。公式为 a = (v – u) / t，其中 a 是加速度，v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是变化所用的时间。加速度可为正（加速）或负（减速，有时称作减速度）。
The units used are:
所用单位如下：
| Symbol (符号) | Quantity (物理量) | Unit (单位) |
|---|---|---|
| v, u | final / initial speed | m/s |
| t | time | s |
| a | acceleration | m/s² |
In KS3, you often assume acceleration is constant when using this equation.
在 KS3 阶段，使用此方程时通常假设加速度是恒定的。
3. Density | 密度
The density of a material tells you how much mass is packed into a certain volume:
ρ = m / V
The symbol ρ (Greek letter ‘rho’) stands for density, m for mass, and V for volume. Density can be measured in kg/m³ or g/cm³. For example, the density of water is about 1000 kg/m³.
密度 ρ 表示单位体积内的质量：ρ = m / V，其中 m 是质量，V 是体积。密度可以用 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³ 表示。例如，水的密度约为 1000 kg/m³。
| Symbol (符号) | Quantity (物理量) | Unit (单位) |
|---|---|---|
| ρ | density | kg/m³ or g/cm³ |
| m | mass | kg or g |
| V | volume | m³ or cm³ |
Objects with a density lower than a fluid will float; those with a higher density will sink.
密度小于流体的物体会漂浮，密度大于流体的会下沉。
4. Pressure | 压强
Pressure is the force exerted per unit area:
p = F / A
p is pressure, F is the force acting perpendicular to the surface, and A is the area over which the force is spread. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
p 表示压强，F 是垂直于表面的作用力，A 是力所覆盖的面积。国际单位是帕斯卡 (Pa)，1 Pa = 1 N/m²。
| Symbol (符号) | Quantity (物理量) | Unit (单位) |
|---|---|---|
| p | pressure | Pa (N/m²) |
| F | force | N |
| A | area | m² |
A small area gives a large pressure for the same force – this is why sharp knives cut easily.
相同作用力下，面积越小压强越大——这就是锋利刀具容易切割的原因。
5. Hooke’s Law | 胡克定律
Hooke’s Law describes the stretch of a spring under a load, up to its elastic limit:
F = k × x
F is the force applied to the spring, x is the extension (how much it stretches or compresses), and k is the spring constant, which measures stiffness. The unit of k is N/m.
F 是施加在弹簧上的力，x 是伸长量（或压缩量），k 是弹簧常数，衡量弹簧的刚度，单位为 N/m。
| Symbol (符号) | Quantity (物理量) |
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