📚 KS3 CIE Spanish: Quick Reference to Key Grammar Rules | KS3 CIE 西班牙语：语法公式速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference for KS3 CIE Spanish. This handbook covers the fundamental grammar formulas you need to master, from noun genders and adjective agreement to regular and irregular verb conjugations, question structures and everyday expressions. Use it as a handy revision tool to build confidence in reading, writing, listening and speaking.
欢迎使用 KS3 CIE 西班牙语语法公式速查手册。本手册涵盖你需要掌握的核心语法规则，从名词的性数配合、形容词一致关系到规则与不规则动词变位、疑问词结构和日常表达。将其作为便捷的复习工具，提升你在听、说、读、写方面的信心。
1. Noun Gender and Number | 名词的性与数
Basic gender rule: Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, e.g. ‘el libro’ (the book), ‘el chico’ (the boy). Most nouns ending in -a are feminine, e.g. ‘la mesa’ (the table), ‘la chica’ (the girl).
基本性别规则：大多数以 -o 结尾的名词是阳性，如 ‘el libro’（书）、’el chico’（男孩）。大多数以 -a 结尾的名词是阴性，如 ‘la mesa’（桌子）、’la chica’（女孩）。
Common exceptions: Some words ending in -a are masculine: ‘el día’ (day), ‘el mapa’ (map), ‘el problema’ (problem). Some words ending in -o are feminine: ‘la mano’ (hand), ‘la radio’ (radio). Nouns ending in -e or a consonant can be either: ‘el coche’ (car, masculine), ‘la noche’ (night, feminine), ‘el lápiz’ (pencil, masculine), ‘la flor’ (flower, feminine).
常见例外：有些以 -a 结尾的词是阳性：’el día’（天）、’el mapa’（地图）、’el problema’（问题）。有些以 -o 结尾的词是阴性：’la mano’（手）、’la radio’（收音机）。以 -e 或辅音结尾的名词可以是阳性或阴性：’el coche’（汽车，阳性）、’la noche’（夜晚，阴性）、’el lápiz’（铅笔，阳性）、’la flor’（花，阴性）。
Plural formation: Add -s if the noun ends in a vowel: ‘libro’ → ‘libros’, ‘mesa’ → ‘mesas’. Add -es if it ends in a consonant: ‘ordenador’ → ‘ordenadores’, ‘ciudad’ → ‘ciudades’. Nouns ending in -z change to -ces: ‘lápiz’ → ‘lápices’, ‘voz’ → ‘voces’.
复数构成：若名词以元音结尾，加 -s：’libro’ → ‘libros’，’mesa’ → ‘mesas’。若以辅音结尾，加 -es：’ordenador’ → ‘ordenadores’，’ciudad’ → ‘ciudades’。以 -z 结尾的名词变为 -ces：’lápiz’ → ‘lápices’，’voz’ → ‘voces’。
Article–noun agreement: The definite article (the) and indefinite article (a/an/some) must match the noun in gender and number: ‘el libro’, ‘los libros’, ‘la mesa’, ‘las mesas’; ‘un amigo’, ‘unos amigos’, ‘una amiga’, ‘unas amigas’.
冠词与名词的一致性：定冠词和不定冠词必须与名词的性数一致：’el libro’，’los libros’，’la mesa’，’las mesas’；’un amigo’，’unos amigos’，’una amiga’，’unas amigas’。
2. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词与不定冠词
Definite articles (the): Use ‘el’ for masculine singular nouns (el perro), ‘la’ for feminine singular (la casa), ‘los’ for masculine plural (los perros), ‘las’ for feminine plural (las casas).
定冠词：阳性单数用 ‘el’（el perro），阴性单数用 ‘la’（la casa），阳性复数用 ‘los’（los perros），阴性复数用 ‘las’（las casas）。
Indefinite articles (a, an, some): ‘un’ for masculine singular (un gato), ‘una’ for feminine singular (una flor), ‘unos’ for masculine plural (unos gatos), ‘unas’ for feminine plural (unas flores). In English, ‘unos/unos’ often means ‘some’.
不定冠词：阳性单数用 ‘un’（un gato），阴性单数用 ‘una’（una flor），阳性复数用 ‘unos’（unos gatos），阴性复数用 ‘unas’（unas flores）。’unos/unos’ 常表示“一些”。
Contractions: ‘a’ + ‘el’ contracts to ‘al’ (Voy al cine), and ‘de’ + ‘el’ contracts to ‘del’ (el libro del profesor). There is no contraction with ‘la’, ‘los’ or ‘las’.
缩合形式：‘a’ + ‘el’ 缩合成 ‘al’（Voy al cine），’de’ + ‘el’ 缩合成 ‘del’（el libro del profesor）。与 ‘la’、’los’、’las’ 连用时不缩合。
3. Adjective Agreement | 形容词的一致关系
Gender and number matching: Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Most adjectives that end in -o in the masculine singular change to -a for feminine, add -s for plural, and -as for feminine plural: ‘rojo, roja, rojos, rojas’ (red).
性数一致：形容词必须在性和数上与被修饰的名词保持一致。大多数以 -o 结尾的阳性单数形容词，阴性变为 -a，复数加 -s，阴性复数加 -as：’rojo, roja, rojos, rojas’（红色的）。
Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant: These usually have the same form for masculine and feminine singular, and simply add -s (or -es) for plural: ‘interesante’ (sing.), ‘interesantes’ (plur.); ‘joven’ (sing.), ‘jóvenes’ (plur.). Example: ‘un chico inteligente’, ‘una chica inteligente’, ‘chicos inteligentes’, ‘chicas inteligentes’.
以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词：通常单数阳性和阴性同形，复数加 -s（或 -es）：’interesante’（单数），’interesantes’（复数）；’joven’（单数），’jóvenes’（复数）。例：’un chico inteligente’，’una chica inteligente’，’chicos inteligentes’，’chicas inteligentes’。
Position of adjectives: Descriptive adjectives usually come after the noun: ‘la casa blanca’ (the white house). Numbers, possessive adjectives and some common adjectives (e.g., ‘bueno’, ‘malo’, ‘grande’) often go before the noun. ‘Un buen día’ (a good day), ‘mi hermana mayor’ (my older sister).
形容词的位置：描述性形容词通常放在名词后：’la casa blanca’（白色的房子）。数字、物主形容词以及一些常用形容词（如 ‘bueno’、’malo’、’grande’）常置于名词前。’Un buen día’（一个好日子），’mi hermana mayor’（我的姐姐）。
Shortened forms: ‘Bueno’ drops to ‘buen’ before a masculine singular noun: ‘un buen amigo’. ‘Grande’ shortens to ‘gran’: ‘un gran problema’. ‘Malo’ becomes ‘mal’: ‘un mal ejemplo’.
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