📚 KS3 Edexcel Philosophy: Glossary & Quick Memory Guide | KS3 Edexcel 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Philosophy can feel like a puzzle made of big words. This guide turns tricky terms into bite-sized chunks, helping you remember them fast and use them confidently in your Edexcel KS3 lessons. From ‘ethics’ to ‘epistemology’, every key idea is explained clearly and paired with a memory hook.
哲学有时感觉像一堆大词组成的谜题。这份指南把难记的术语拆成小块，帮助你快速记住它们，并在 Edexcel KS3 课堂上自信地使用。从 “伦理学” 到 “认识论”，每个关键概念都有清晰解释，还配上了记忆妙招。
1. Philosophy | 哲学
Philosophy comes from Greek words meaning ‘love of wisdom’. It is the activity of asking big questions about existence, knowledge, right and wrong, and the mind. Instead of just accepting answers, philosophers examine arguments and reasons carefully.
哲学来自希腊语，意思是 “爱智慧”。它是一种探究活动，追问关于存在、知识、对与错以及心灵的大问题。哲学家不光是接受答案，而是仔细审视论证和理由。
- Memory tip: Think of Philo (friend) + Sophia (wisdom) – a friend of wisdom.
- 记忆窍门： 想象 “菲洛（朋友）+ 索菲亚（智慧）” – 智慧的朋友。
2. Ethics | 伦理学
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that explores how we should live and what makes actions right or wrong. It asks questions like ‘Is it ever okay to lie?’ and ‘Do motives matter more than outcomes?’
伦理学是哲学的一个分支，探究我们应该如何生活，以及什么使行为对错。它会问：“撒谎可以吗？” “动机比结果更重要吗？”
- Memory tip: ‘Ethics’ sounds like ‘ethics’ – but think of ‘Everyone’s Thinking Hard In Complex Situations’.
- 记忆窍门： 把 Ethics 联想为 “每个人在复杂情境中深思熟虑”。
3. Morality | 道德
Morality refers to the beliefs about right and wrong that guide your behaviour or a society’s rules. While ethics is the study of these beliefs, morality is the set of actual principles you live by.
道德指的是指导个人行为或社会规则的关于对错的信念。伦理学是对这些信念的研究，而道德是你真正遵循的一套原则。
- Memory tip: ‘Morality’ shares a root with ‘mores’ – the customs of a group.
- 记忆窍门： Morality 和 “mores（风俗）” 同源 – 群体的习惯。
4. Logic | 逻辑
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It helps you spot bad arguments and build strong ones. Philosophers use logic to test whether conclusions really follow from their premises.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学问。它帮你发现糟糕的论证，并构建严谨的论证。哲学家用逻辑来检验结论是否真的从前提中推出。
- Memory tip: ‘Logic’ links to ‘logos’ – Greek for word, reason, or plan.
- 记忆窍门： Logic 与希腊词 “logos”（词、理性、计划）有关。
5. Argument | 论证
In philosophy, an argument is not a shouting match. It is a set of statements where some (premises) are meant to support another (the conclusion). For example: ‘All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.’
在哲学中，论证不是争吵。它是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）用来支持另一个（结论）。比如：“所有人都会死。苏格拉底是人。所以苏格拉底会死。”
- Memory tip: An argument is like a bridge – premises on one side, conclusion on the other.
- 记忆窍门： 论证像一座桥 – 一端是前提，另一端是结论。
6. Premise & Conclusion | 前提与结论
A premise is a reason offered in support of a conclusion. The conclusion is the statement that the premises are trying to prove. Spotting these two parts is the first step in analysing any philosophical argument.
前提是为支持结论而提供的理由。结论是前提试图证明的陈述。找出这两部分是分析任何哲学论证的第一步。
- Memory tip: ‘Pre-‘ means before – premises come before the conclusion.
- 记忆窍门： “Pre-” 表示 “之前” – 前提出现在结论之前。
7. Epistemology | 认识论
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It asks: What does it mean to know something? How can we be sure? What is the difference between belief and knowledge? The classic definition of knowledge is ‘justified true belief’.
认识论是关于知识的理论。它提问：知道某事意味着什么？我们如何确定？信念与知识有何不同？知识的经典定义是 “被证成的真信念”。
- Memory tip: ‘Episteme’ is Greek for knowledge – think of an ‘epistemic’ detective.
- 记忆窍门： Episteme 是希腊语中的 “知识” – 想象一位 “认识论侦探”。
8. Metaphysics | 形而上学
Metaphysics explores the fundamental nature of reality. It goes beyond physics to ask: What is there? What is time? Do we have free will? Is the mind separate from the body?
形而上学探究实在的根本性质。它超越物理，提出：存在什么？时间是什么？我们有自由意志吗？心灵与身体是分离的吗？
- Memory tip: ‘Meta’ means beyond – metaphysics goes beyond the physical world.
- 记忆窍门： “Meta” 意为 “在……之外” – 形而上学超越物理世界。
9. Dualism | 二元论
Dualism is the view that the mind and body are two distinct substances. A famous dualist is René Descartes, who argued ‘I think, therefore I am’ to show that the mind can exist independently of the body.
二元论认为心灵和身体是两种不同的实体。著名的二元论者勒内・笛卡尔提出 “我思故我在”，以证明心灵可以独立于身体存在。
- Memory tip: Dual = two. Mind and body as two separate realms.
- 记忆窍门： Dual 表示 “二” – 心灵与身体是两个分离的领域。
10. Empiricism & Rationalism | 经验主义与理性主义
Empiricism says all knowledge comes from sensory experience – we are born as blank slates. Rationalism argues that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and some ideas are innate. John Locke (empiricist) and Plato (rationalist) are key examples.
经验主义认为所有知识都来自感官经验 – 我们生来是一张白纸。理性主义则认为理性是知识的主要来源，某些观念是与生俱来的。约翰・洛克（经验主义者）和柏拉图（理性主义者）是典型代表。
- Memory tip: ‘Empirical’ evidence comes from the senses; ‘rational’ thinking uses pure reason.
- 记忆窍门： “经验” 证据来自感官；“理性” 思考运用纯粹理性。
11. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Thinkers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill developed this idea. It forces you to weigh consequences carefully.
功利主义是一种伦理理论，认为最好的行为是为最多的人带来最大幸福的行为。杰里米・边沁和约翰・斯图尔特・密尔等人发展了这一思想。它迫使你仔细权衡后果。
- Memory tip: ‘Utility’ means usefulness – here, happiness is the useful outcome.
- 记忆窍门： “Utility” 意为 “效用” – 在这里，幸福就是有用的结果。
12. Relativism | 相对主义
Relativism is the view that truth or morality is not absolute but varies from culture to culture or person to person. It often appears in discussions like ‘Is right and wrong just a matter of opinion?’ However, critics warn it can make moral progress impossible.
相对主义认为真理或道德不是绝对的，而是因文化或因人而异。它常出现在类似 “对与错只是个人看法吗？” 的讨论中。但批评者警告说，相对主义可能让道德进步变得不可能。
- Memory tip: ‘Relative’ means dependent – truth depends on your perspective.
- 记忆窍门： “Relative” 表示 “相对的” – 真理取决于你的视角。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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