📚 KS3 Edexcel Politics: Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | KS3 Edexcel 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key political terminology is the first step towards understanding how our society is governed. This guide provides clear, bite-sized definitions for the essential terms you will meet in your KS3 Edexcel Politics course, with every concept presented in both English and Chinese to strengthen comprehension and recall.
掌握关键的政治术语是理解社会如何运作的第一步。本指南为你在 KS3 Edexcel 政治课程中会遇到的核心词汇提供了清晰、简短的定义，每个概念均以中英双语呈现，以强化理解与记忆。
1. Democracy and Citizenship | 民主与公民身份
Democracy is a system of government where the people hold power. Citizens usually exercise this power by voting in elections to choose representatives who make decisions on their behalf.
民主 是一种人民掌握权力的政府体制。公民通常通过在选举中投票来行使这一权力，选出代表他们做出决策的代表。
Citizen refers to a legally recognised member of a state or country, entitled to the protection of that state and bearing certain rights and responsibilities. Being an active citizen means participating in the community, respecting the law, and engaging with democratic processes.
公民 指在法律上被承认的国家成员，享有该国的保护，并承担一定的权利与责任。积极公民意味着参与社区活动、尊重法律并投身于民主进程。
Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which citizens vote on policies directly rather than through representatives. Referendums are a modern example, while representative democracy is the more common model where elected officials decide on laws.
直接民主 是公民就政策直接投票而非通过代表的一种民主形式。公投是现代例子，而代议制民主则是更常见的模式，由选举产生的官员决定法律。
2. Government and the State | 政府与国家
The government is the group of people with the authority to run a country, make laws, and manage public affairs. In the UK, the government is formed by the political party that has the most seats in the House of Commons.
政府 是拥有管理国家、制定法律和处理公共事务权力的一群人。在英国，政府由在下议院拥有最多席位的政党组成。
The state is a broader concept that includes the institutions of government, the permanent civil service, the judiciary, and the armed forces. It continues to function even when the government changes, providing stability.
国家（state） 是一个更广泛的概念，包括政府机构、常任文官系统、司法机构和武装部队。即使政府更迭，它仍继续运转，提供稳定性。
Separation of powers is a principle dividing state authority into three branches: the executive (implements law), the legislature (makes law), and the judiciary (interprets and applies law). This helps prevent any single body from becoming too powerful.
权力分立 是将国家权力划分为三个分支的原则：行政（执行法律）、立法（制定法律）和司法（解释并适用法律）。这有助于防止任何单一机构过于强大。
3. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Rights are moral or legal entitlements that individuals hold, such as the right to free speech, the right to a fair trial, or the right to education. In a democracy, rights are often protected by law and cannot be easily removed.
权利 是个人享有的道德或法律上的应享待遇，例如言论自由权、公正审判权或受教育权。在民主制度中，权利通常受法律保护，不得轻易剥夺。
Responsibilities are duties or obligations that come with being a citizen. These include obeying the law, paying taxes where required, serving on a jury if called, and respecting the rights of others.
责任 是作为公民而来的义务，包括遵守法律、按要求纳税、在被召集时担任陪审员，以及尊重他人的权利。
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, regardless of nationality, sex, religion, or any other status. They are set out in documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
人权 是世上每个人都享有的基本权利和自由，不论国籍、性别、宗教或任何其他身份。它们载于《世界人权宣言》等文件。
4. The Monarchy and the Head of State | 君主与国家元首
The monarch (king or queen) is the head of state in the United Kingdom. Today the monarchy is a constitutional one, meaning the monarch’s powers are limited by law and most executive functions are carried out by the government in the monarch’s name.
君主（国王或女王）是英国的国家元首。如今，君主制是立宪君主制，意味着君主的权力受法律限制，大多数行政职能由政府以君主的名义执行。
Royal assent is the formal agreement by the monarch that turns a bill passed by Parliament into an Act of Parliament (a law). It is now a ceremonial step, and refusal has not occurred in modern times.
御准 是君主正式表示同意，将议会通过的法案转化为议会法案（法律）。这现已是一种仪式性步骤，现代以来从未出现拒绝。
The privy council is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign. Its members are senior politicians, judges, and other eminent figures; it meets to enact certain pieces of legislation and advise on matters of state.
枢密院 是君主的一个正式顾问机构。其成员为资深政治家、法官及其他知名人士；它开会颁布某些立法并就国家事务提供建议。
5. Parliament: Commons and Lords | 议会：下议院与上议院
Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the UK, consisting of the monarch, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. Its main functions are to make laws, scrutinise the government, and debate key issues.
议会 是英国的最高立法机构，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。其主要职能是制定法律、监督政府并辩论关键议题。
The House of Commons is the lower chamber, whose members (MPs) are elected by voters in general elections. It holds the most power, as the government must have the confidence of the Commons to pass its budget and major legislation.
下议院 是下议院，其议员由选民在大选中选出。它拥有最大的权力，因为政府必须获得下议院的信任才能通过预算和重要立法。
The House of Lords is the upper chamber, made up of appointed life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It revises and checks legislation from the Commons, but cannot block major financial bills permanently.
上议院 是上议院，由任命产生的终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它修订并审查下议院通过的立法，但不能永久性地阻止重要财政法案。
6. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
A general election is the process by which citizens vote to choose members of Parliament. In the UK, under the first-past-the-post system, the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, and the party with a majority of seats usually forms the government.
大选 是公民投票选出议会成员的过程。在英国，根据简单多数制，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，而拥有多数席位的政党通常组建政府。
Constituency is the geographical area that an MP represents. Voters in each constituency elect one MP to sit in the House of Commons. Campaigning and local issues play an important role in each constituency race.
选区 是议员所代表的地理区域。每个选区的选民选出一名议员进入下议院。竞选和地方议题在每个选区的竞争中扮演重要角色。
Referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a specific question or proposal. An example is the 2016 vote on UK membership of the European Union. Referendums are used to decide constitutional changes.
公投 是全体选民就某一特定问题或提案进行的直接投票。一个例子是2016年关于英国欧盟成员资格的公投。公投被用来决定宪法性变革。
7. Law and Order | 法律与秩序
Rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government officials, is subject to the law and must obey it. It ensures that laws are clear, fairly applied, and protect individual rights.
法治 是每个人都必须服从并遵守法律的原则，包括政府官员。它确保法律明确、公平适用并保护个人权利。
Judiciary refers to the system of courts and judges that interprets the law and administers justice. Judges are independent of the government and ensure trials are conducted fairly.
司法机构 指解释法律并主持正义的法院与法官系统。法官独立于政府，确保审判公正进行。
Legislation means laws passed by Parliament. An Act of Parliament is a bill that has passed all stages in both Houses and received royal assent. Criminal law deals with offences against the state, while civil law resolves disputes between individuals.
立法 指由议会通过的法律。议会法案 是已完成两院所有阶段并获得御准的法案。刑法处理针对国家的罪行，而民法解决个人之间的争端。
8. Political Parties | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people who share similar political beliefs and aim to gain power by winning elections. In the UK, the main parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party, with the Liberal Democrats and others also represented.
政党 是一群拥有相似政治信仰、并通过赢得选举来谋求权力的有组织人群。在英国，主要政党是保守党和工党，自由民主党及其他政党也有席位。
The manifesto is a document published by a party before an election, setting out its promises, policies, and what it aims to do if it forms the government. Voters can compare manifestos to decide who to support.
宣言 是政党在选举前发布的一份文件，列出其承诺、政策以及如果组建政府后的目标。选民可比较宣言以决定支持谁。
The term opposition refers to the largest party not in government. Its role is to challenge the government, propose alternative policies, and hold the executive to account through debates and questions.
反对党 指未参与政府的最大政党。其职责是挑战政府、提出替代性政策，并通过辩论与质询向行政机构问责。
9. The Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles and rules that define how a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified (unwritten) constitution, meaning it is found across statutes, conventions, judicial decisions, and works of authority rather than in a single document.
宪法 是界定国家如何治理的一系列基本原则与规则。英国拥有一部不成立（不成文）宪法，意味着它存在于各类法规、惯例、判决与权威著作中，而非单一文件。
Constitutional monarchy is a system in which the monarch acts as head of state within the limits set by a constitution. Real political power rests with the elected Parliament, while the monarch’s role is largely symbolic and ceremonial.
君主立宪制 是君主在宪法规定的限度内担任国家元首的制度。真正的政治权力属于选举产生的议会，君主的角色主要是象征性和礼仪性的。
Parliamentary sovereignty is a key UK principle stating that Parliament is the supreme legal authority, and no other body can override or set aside its legislation. This means Parliament can make or repeal any law.
议会主权 是英国的一项关键原则，即议会为最高法律权威，任何其他机构均不能推翻或撤销其立法。这意味着议会可以制定或废除任何法律。
10. International Relations | 国际关系
International relations deals with how countries interact with each other through diplomacy, trade, treaties, and conflict resolution. The UK’s foreign policy is shaped by its interests and values, often working through organisations like the United Nations and NATO.
国际关系 涉及国家之间通过外交、贸易、条约和冲突解决等方式的互动。英国的外交政策由其利益与价值观决定，常通过联合国和北约等组织发挥作用。
The United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation. The Security Council is its most powerful body, with five permanent members including the UK.
联合国 是成立于1945年的国际组织，旨在促进和平、安全与合作。安理会 是其最强大的机构，拥有包括英国在内的五个常任理事国。
Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal countries, most of which were formerly part of the British Empire. It promotes democracy, development, and cultural links among member states.
英联邦 是由56个独立平等的国家组成的自愿联合体，其中大多数曾是英帝国的一部分。它促进成员国之间的民主、发展与文化联系。
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