📚 KS3 WJEC English: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference | KS3 WJEC 英语公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide collects the essential ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ of KS3 English as defined by the WJEC curriculum. Just like in mathematics, English has its own set of patterns, structures and rules that help you build effective writing, analyse texts and communicate clearly. Mastering these formulas will give you confidence in every assessment, from creative writing to reading comprehension.
本速查手册整理了 WJEC KS3 英语课程中的核心“公式”与“定理”。就像数学一样，英语也有一套固定的模式、结构和规则，帮助你构建有效的写作、分析文本并进行清晰的交流。掌握这些公式，能让你在从创意写作到阅读理解的所有评估中都充满信心。
1. PEE Paragraph Formula | PEE 段落公式
PEE stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation. It is the most widely used analytical writing structure at KS3.
PEE 代表观点 (Point)、证据 (Evidence)、解释 (Explanation)。这是 KS3 阶段最常用的分析性写作结构。
Start with a clear topic sentence: state your Point. Then insert direct Evidence: a quote or specific reference from the text. Finally, Explain how the evidence supports your point, zooming in on language choices and their effects.
以清晰的主题句开头：陈述你的观点。然后插入直接证据：来自文本的引用或具体参照。最后，解释证据如何支持你的观点，聚焦于语言选择及其效果。
Often extended to PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) or PEA (Point, Evidence, Analysis), both require the same core logic.
通常扩展为 PEEL（Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link）或 PEA（Point, Evidence, Analysis），两者都需要相同的核心逻辑。
2. PEEL Extended Paragraph Structure | PEEL 扩展段落结构
PEEL adds a Link sentence at the end to connect back to the question or transition to the next point.
PEEL 在末尾增加了连接句，用于回扣问题或过渡到下一个观点。
Point: ‘Firstly, the writer uses violent imagery to portray the storm.’ Evidence: ‘The phrase “ravenous wind tore through the streets” suggests…’ Explanation: ‘The adjective “ravenous” personifies the wind as a starving beast, creating a sense of danger.’ Link: ‘This threatening atmosphere prepares the reader for the conflict that follows.’
观点：’首先，作者用暴力的意象描绘风暴。’ 证据：’短语”贪婪的风撕扯着街道”暗示……’ 解释：’形容词”贪婪的”将风拟人化为饥饿的野兽，营造出危险感。’ 连接：’这种威胁性的氛围为随后的冲突做好了铺垫。’
This formula ensures every paragraph has direction and depth, preventing vague comments.
这个公式确保每个段落都有方向和深度，避免空泛的评论。
3. Creative Story Writing Formula | 创意故事写作公式
Every story follows a basic narrative arc: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution.
每个故事都遵循基本的叙事弧：开头（Exposition）、发展（Rising Action）、高潮（Climax）、回落（Falling Action）、结局（Resolution）。
Exposition introduces the setting and main character. Rising Action builds tension through a series of problems or complications. The Climax is the most intense moment. Falling Action shows the consequences. The Resolution ties up loose ends.
开头介绍背景和主角。发展通过一系列问题或复杂化来积累张力。高潮是最紧张的时刻。回落展示后果。结局收束所有线索。
Avoid starting your story with ‘One day…’ Use a hook: a sound, a thought, a question or a surprising statement.
不要用’One day…’开启故事。使用一个钩子：一个声音、一个想法、一个问题或一个令人惊讶的陈述。
4. Persuasive Writing A FOREST Formula | 说服性写作 A FOREST 公式
A FOREST is a mnemonic that helps you remember key persuasive techniques.
A FOREST 是一个助记符，帮助你记住关键的说服技巧。
A – Alliteration (green, glowing grass) ; F – Facts (According to a recent survey, 78% of teenagers…) ; O – Opinion (It is unacceptable that…) ; R – Rhetorical questions (How would you feel?) ; E – Emotive language (heartbreaking, devastating, magnificent) ; S – Statistics (3 out of 4 people agree…) ; T – Triples/Tricolon (we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields).
A – 头韵 (green, glowing grass) ; F – 事实 (根据最新调查，78% 的青少年……) ; O – 观点 (不可接受的是……) ; R – 修辞问句 (你会作何感受？) ; E – 感情化语言 (令人心碎的、毁灭性的、壮丽的) ; S – 统计数据 (四分之三的人同意……) ; T – 三句排比 (我们将在海滩上战斗，我们将在登陆场上战斗，我们将在田野里战斗)。
Use this checklist when writing a speech, an article or a letter to ensure you are being persuasive.
在撰写演讲稿、文章或信件时，使用这个清单确保你的文字具有说服力。
5. Descriptive Writing: Sensory Grid Formula | 描写文：感官网格公式
Strong descriptions rely on the five senses: Sight, Sound, Smell, Touch, Taste.
优秀的描写依赖于五种感官：视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉。
Create a quick grid in your plan. For each setting or moment, jot down at least two specific details per sense, using interesting adjectives and adverbs.
在计划中快速创建一个网格。对于每个场景或时刻，用有趣的形容词和副词为每种感官记下至少两个具体的细节。
Sight: ‘jagged shadows crept across the dusty floor.’ Sound: ‘the rusty gate groaned and whined.’ Smell: ‘a damp, earthy smell like fallen leaves.’ Touch: ‘peeling paint felt crisp beneath my fingertips.’ Taste: ‘a metallic tang of fear filled my mouth.’ (Even imagined taste works.)
视觉：’锯齿状的影子在布满灰尘的地板上爬行。’ 听觉：’生锈的大门呻吟着发出嘎吱声。’ 嗅觉：’潮湿的泥土味，像落叶一样。’ 触觉：’剥落的油漆在我指尖下感觉酥脆。’ 味觉：’金属般的恐惧味充满了我的口腔。’（即使是想象中的味觉也可以。）
6. Sentence Variety Theorem | 句式变化定理
Mix simple, compound and complex sentences for rhythm and effect. A paragraph of only simple sentences sounds childish; a paragraph of overly long complex sentences can confuse the reader.
混合使用简单句、并列句和复合句来创造节奏和效果。全是简单句的段落听起来幼稚；全是过长复合句的段落会让读者困惑。
Simple: ‘The door opened.’ Compound: ‘The door opened and a cold draft rushed in.’ Complex: ‘Because the door opened without warning, the candle flickered and my heart raced.’
简单句：’门开了。’ 并列句：’门开了，一股冷风冲了进来。’ 复合句：’由于门毫无预警地打开了，烛光摇曳，我的心跳加速。’
Use short, sharp sentences to build tension; use longer ones to slow down and reflect. This is a deliberate crafting technique, not a random choice.
用短促有力的句子营造紧张感；用较长的句子放慢节奏进行反思。这是一种刻意的写作技巧，而非随意选择。
7. Literature Analysis: Writer’s Methods Toolkit | 文学分析：作者手法工具包
Every analysis should name the method, quote it, and explain its effect. Key methods to recognise:
每次分析都应说出技巧名称，引用原文，并解释其效果。需要识别的主要手法：
- Simile – comparing using ‘like’ or ‘as’: ‘Her smile was like sunshine.’ (Creates a vivid, warm image.)
- Metaphor – direct comparison: ‘He was a lion in battle.’ (Suggests bravery and ferocity.)
- Personification – giving human qualities to non-human things: ‘The trees whispered secrets.’ (Adds life and mystery.)
- Onomatopoeia – word sounds like its meaning: ‘The bacon sizzled.’ (Appeals to sound sense.)
- Alliteration – repetition of initial consonant sounds: ‘softly singing the summer sun.’ (Creates rhythm and musicality.)
- Sibilance – repetition of ‘s’ sounds: ‘The sea sang a soft, soothing song.’ (Often suggests calm or menace.)
- Pathetic fallacy – when weather or nature reflects mood: ‘gloomy clouds mirrored his sadness.’
比喻 (Simile) – 用 ‘like’ 或 ‘as’ 比较：’她的笑容像阳光。’ (营造生动、温暖的意象。) 隐喻 (Metaphor) – 直接比较：’他在战斗中是一头狮子。’ (暗示勇敢和凶猛。) 拟人 (Personification) – 赋予非人类事物以人的特质：’树木在低语秘密。’ (增添生命力和神秘感。) 拟声 (Onomatopoeia) – 词语发音模仿其意义：’培根滋滋作响。’ (调动听觉感官。) 头韵 (Alliteration) – 开头辅音重复：’温柔地歌唱夏日的太阳。’ (创造节奏和音乐性。) 咝音 (Sibilance) – ‘s’ 音重复：’大海唱着轻柔舒缓的歌。’ (常暗示平静或威胁。) 情感谬误 (Pathetic fallacy) – 天气或自然反映心情：’阴沉的云朵映衬着他的悲伤。’
8. Structural Devices Formula | 结构手法公式
Focus not just on what happens, but on the order and pacing of events. Structural devices guide the reader’s journey.
不仅关注发生了什么，还要关注事件的顺序和节奏。结构手法引导读者的阅读旅程。
Foreshadowing: hints about future events. Flashback: a scene set earlier than the main story. Juxtaposition: placing two contrasting ideas or images side by side to highlight differences. Repetition: repeating a word, phrase or idea for emphasis. Circular structure: ending where the story began to show change or lack of it. Analepsis and prolepsis are formal terms for flashback and flash-forward.
伏笔：对未来事件的暗示。倒叙：比主线故事更早发生的场景。并置：将两个对比性的想法或图像放在一起以突出差异。重复：重复一个词、短语或想法以强调。循环结构：故事回到开头的地方，以展示变化或变化缺失。倒叙和预叙是 flashback 和 flash-forward 的正式术语。
9. Comparative Writing Formula | 比较写作公式
When comparing two texts, use a direct comparison structure. Avoid writing half of your answer on Text A and half on Text B; integrate them.
当比较两个文本时，使用直接比较的结构。避免一半答案写文本 A，一半写文本 B；要将它们整合在一起。
Formula: ‘Both Text A and Text B use [method], but while Text A does this to create [effect X], Text B creates [effect Y].’ For example: ‘Both poets use nature imagery to explore loss. In Poem A, the falling leaves suggest gentle decline; in Poem B, however, the stormy sea portrays violent grief.’
公式：’文本 A 和文本 B 都使用了 [手法]，但文本 A 这样做是为了营造 [效果 X]，而文本 B 则营造了 [效果 Y]。’ 例如：’两位诗人都运用自然意象探索失去。在诗 A 中，落叶暗示温和的衰退；而在诗 B 中，汹涌的大海描绘了剧烈的悲伤。’
Use connectors: however, whereas, on the other hand, similarly, in contrast. Always link back to the purpose and audience of each text.
使用连接词：然而，而，另一方面，同样地，相比之下。始终联系每个文本的目的和读者。
10. Punctuation and Grammar Control Points | 标点与语法控制要点
High marks require accurate use of a range of punctuation. Master these ‘formulas’ for sentence boundaries:
高分数要求准确使用多种标点。掌握以下句子边界的“公式”：
- Comma (,) : separates items in a list, marks off a clause, or follows a fronted adverbial. ‘After the storm, the village was silent.’
- Semicolon (;) : joins two related sentences without a conjunction. ‘I love reading; books are my escape.’
- Colon (:) : introduces a list, an explanation or a quotation. ‘There was one thing she feared: failure.’
- Apostrophe (‘) : shows possession (the boy’s book) or contraction (it’s for it is). Remember its = possessive, no apostrophe.
- Dash (–) : creates a dramatic pause or parenthesis. ‘He opened the door — and froze.’
- Ellipsis (…) : indicates a trailing thought or omission. ‘I just thought… maybe we could try.’
逗号 (,) ：分隔列表项、标注从句，或放在前置状语之后。’暴风雨过后，村庄一片寂静。’ 分号 (;) ：不用连词连接两个相关的句子。’我爱阅读；书籍是我的避风港。’ 冒号 (:) ：引出列表、解释或引语。’她害怕一件事：失败。’ 撇号 (‘) ：表示所有格 (男孩的书) 或缩写 (it’s = it is)。记住 its 是物主代词，没有撇号。 破折号 (–) ：产生戏剧性的停顿或插入。’他打开门——然后愣住了。’ 省略号 (…) ：表示思绪渐弱或省略。’我只是想……或许我们可以试试。’
11. Speech and Dialogue Punctuation Rule | 引语和对话标点规则
When writing dialogue, follow this exact pattern: new speaker, new line. Punctuation goes inside quotation marks.
写对话时，严格遵守以下模式：新说话人，新起一行。标点符号放在引号内部。
Format: ‘Can you keep a secret?’ whispered Tom. The question mark stays inside the quotation marks. Then: ‘Of course,’ replied Lia, ‘I never tell.’ A comma is used before the closing quotation mark when a speech verb follows.
格式：’你能保守秘密吗？’ 汤姆低声说。问号放在引号内。然后：’当然，’ 莉亚回答道，’我从来不说。’ 当说话动词跟随在引语后时，在闭合引号前用逗号。
Use ‘said’ sparingly; replace with more expressive verbs: murmured, announced, shouted, confessed, queried.
少用 ‘说’ (said)；用更有表现力的动词替代：低语、宣布、喊叫、坦白、询问。
12. Reading Comprehension Q&A Method | 阅读理解问答方法
Before answering any question, identify the type: retrieval, inference, language analysis, structural analysis, or evaluation.
在回答任何问题之前，先辨别题型：信息提取、推断、语言分析、结构分析或评价。
Retrieval: find the exact fact in the text and copy it carefully. Inference: read between the lines – what is implied but not stated? Use ‘this suggests that…’ or ‘we can infer…’ Language analysis: use PEA/PEEL. Structural analysis: mention what happens at the beginning, middle, end and how interest is created. Evaluation: give your personal judgement with textual evidence, using phrases like ‘The writer successfully… because…’
信息提取：在文本中找到确切的事实，并仔细抄写。推断：读出言外之意——什么被暗示但没有明说？使用 ‘这暗示……’ 或 ‘我们可以推断……’ 语言分析：用 PEA/PEEL。结构分析：提到开头、中间、结尾发生了什么，以及如何创造趣味。评价：结合文本证据给出个人判断，用 ‘作者成功地……因为……’ 这样的短语。
Always track the marks. A 10-mark question expects about three detailed PEA paragraphs with a linking conclusion.
始终注意分值。一个 10 分题预计需要大约三个详细的 PEA 段落，并加上一个连接的结论。
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