KS3 WJEC Geography: Key Terms and Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | KS3 WJEC 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 KS3 WJEC Geography: Key Terms and Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | KS3 WJEC 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key geographical terms is essential for success in KS3 WJEC Geography. This guide breaks down the most important vocabulary into clear, bite-sized explanations, helping you build confidence and accuracy in your answers. Each section is organised by topic area, with English definitions followed by Chinese translations to support bilingual learning.

掌握关键地理术语是在KS3 WJEC地理中取得成功的基础。这份指南将最重要的词汇分解为清晰、易消化的解释，帮助你建立答题的信心和准确性。每一部分按主题排列，先提供英文定义，再提供中文翻译，以支持双语学习。

1. Map Skills | 地图技能

A compass rose shows the cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west. It helps you orient a map correctly and find your way.

罗盘玫瑰图显示基本方向：北、南、东、西。它帮助你正确确定地图方向并找到道路。

Grid references are a system of coordinates that allow you to pinpoint a location on an Ordnance Survey (OS) map. A four-figure grid reference locates a 1 km × 1 km square, while a six-figure grid reference gives a more precise point within that square.

网格坐标是一个坐标系统，能让你在陆地测量局地图上精确定位。四位数字坐标定位的是1公里×1公里的方格，而六位数字坐标则提供该方格内更精确的点。

Scale expresses the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground. For example, a scale of 1:25,000 means 1 cm on the map represents 25,000 cm (or 250 m) in the real world.

比例尺表示地图上的距离与地面实际距离之间的关系。例如，1:25 000 的比例尺意味着地图上的1厘米代表现实世界中的25 000厘米（或250米）。

Contour lines are lines on a map that join points of equal height above sea level. They show the shape and steepness of the land – closely spaced contours indicate a steep slope, while widely spaced contours indicate a gentle slope.

等高线是地图上连接海拔高度相同各点的线。它们显示地形的形状和陡峭程度——密集的等高线表示陡坡，而稀疏的等高线表示缓坡。

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2. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候

Weather describes the day-to-day state of the atmosphere in a specific place, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and humidity. Climate is the average weather pattern of an area over a long period, usually 30 years or more.

天气描述的是一个具体地点每天的空气状况，包括气温、降水、风速和湿度。气候是一个地区超过通常30年的长期平均天气模式。

Precipitation is any form of water that falls from clouds to the Earth’s surface, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. It is measured in millimetres using a rain gauge.

降水是任何形式从云层落到地球表面的水，例如雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹。用雨量器测量，以毫米为单位。

Prevailing wind is the most frequent wind direction experienced in a location. In the UK, the prevailing wind comes from the south-west and brings mild, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, affecting the climate and weather.

盛行风是一个地点最常见的风向。在英国，盛行风来自西南方向，从大西洋带来温和潮湿的空气，影响气候和天气。

A microclimate is the climate of a very small or restricted area that differs from the general climate of the surrounding region. Urban areas often have warmer microclimates due to concrete and traffic – this is called the urban heat island effect.

小气候是一个很小或局部区域的气候，与周围的整体气候不同。由于混凝土和交通，城市地区常常有更温暖的小气候——这被称为城市热岛效应。

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3. Rivers and Fluvial Processes | 河流与流水作用

The source of a river is the point where it begins, often in upland areas. The mouth is where the river flows into a sea, lake, or a larger river. The course of a river is divided into the upper, middle, and lower stages.

河流的源头是它开始的地方，通常位于高地。河口则是河流注入大海、湖泊或更大河流的地方。河流的流程分为上游、中游和下游。

Erosion is the wearing away and removal of rock and soil by the river. Key processes include hydraulic action (force of the water), abrasion (rocks scraping the bed and banks), attrition (rocks hitting each other and breaking), and solution (dissolving of minerals).

侵蚀是河流对岩石和土壤的磨损和搬运。主要过程包括水力作用（水的力量）、磨蚀（石块刮削河床和河岸）、磨耗（石块互相撞击破碎）和溶蚀（矿物质溶解）。

Transportation refers to how the river carries its load. The four main methods are traction (rolling of large boulders), saltation (bouncing of small stones), suspension (fine material carried within the water), and solution (dissolved material).

搬运指的是河流携带负载的方式。四种主要方法是牵引（大卵石滚动）、跃移（小石子跳跃）、悬浮（细粒物质在水中被携带）和溶解（溶解物质）。

Deposition occurs when the river loses energy and drops the material it has been carrying. This happens when the speed decreases, for example on the inside bend of a meander, at the mouth where the current slows, or during a flood.

沉积发生在河流失去能量、放下所携带的物质时。当流速下降时就会发生，例如在曲流的内弯、流速减缓的河口或洪水时期。

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4. Coasts and Coastal Processes | 海岸与海岸作用

Constructive waves have a strong swash (forward movement) and a weak backwash, pushing sand and pebbles up the beach and building it up. Destructive waves have a weak swash and a strong backwash, stripping material away and eroding the coast.

建设性波浪有强劲的冲流和微弱的回流，将沙石推上海滩，堆积海岸。破坏性波浪有微弱的冲流和强劲的回流，冲走物质，侵蚀海岸。

Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along the coast by waves approaching at an angle. The swash moves material diagonally up the beach, and the backwash brings it straight back down by gravity, creating a zigzag pattern of transport.

沿岸漂流是波浪以一定角度接近时，沉积物沿海岸移动的过程。冲流将物质斜向推上海滩，回流则受重力作用直接带回，形成之字形搬运。

Headlands and bays form along coasts where there are bands of alternating resistant and less resistant rock. The softer rock erodes faster, forming a bay, while the harder rock sticks out as a headland.

岬角和海湾形成于海岸有交替的坚硬和软弱岩石带的地方。较软的岩石侵蚀得更快，形成海湾，而较硬的岩石则向外突出成为岬角。

A stack is an isolated pillar of rock standing just offshore, created when an arch collapses. A stump is the stump of rock left when a stack is eroded further and collapses into the sea.

海蚀柱是位于海岸外的孤立的石柱，由海蚀拱坍塌形成。海蚀残柱是海蚀柱被进一步侵蚀并倒塌入海后留下的岩石残桩。

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5. Population | 人口

Population density is the number of people living in a given area, usually expressed per km². Areas with high population density are crowded, while areas with low population density have few people living in a large space.

人口密度是特定区域内居住的人口数量，通常以每平方公里表示。人口密度高的地区拥挤，而人口密度低的地区则是在广阔空间内居住的人很少。

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. Natural increase is calculated as birth rate minus death rate.

出生率是每年每1000人中的活产婴儿数。死亡率是每年每1000人中的死亡人数。自然增长率是出生率减去死亡率。

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. Immigration means moving into a country, while emigration means moving out of a country.

迁移是人们从一个地方移动到另一个地方，打算暂时或永久定居。移民（迁入）是指移入一个国家，而移出（迁出）是指搬离一个国家。

Population pyramids are bar charts that show the age and sex structure of a population. A wide base indicates a high birth rate, while a narrow base suggests a low birth rate. They can also indicate life expectancy and past migration events.

人口金字塔是显示人口年龄和性别结构的条形图。底部宽表明出生率高，底部窄表明出生率低。它们还可以指示预期寿命和过去的迁移事件。

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6. Settlement | 聚落

A settlement is a place where people live. Settlements vary in size from a single farm (hamlet) to a village, town, city, or megacity. The site of a settlement is the actual land upon which it is built, while the situation describes its location in relation to surrounding features such as rivers, hills, or other settlements.

聚落是人们居住的地方。聚落的规模从单个农庄（小村庄）到村庄、镇、城市或特大城市不等。一个聚落的选址是它所建的实际土地，而区位则描述它相对于周围特征如河流、山丘或其他聚落的位置。

Settlement hierarchy ranks settlements according to their size, population, and the range of services they provide. Near the bottom are villages with few low-order services (e.g. a post office), while at the top are cities with many high-order services (e.g. hospitals, theatres).

聚落等级是根据规模、人口和提供的服务范围对聚落进行排序。等级较低的村庄只有少数低等级服务（如邮局），而顶端的城市则有许多高等级服务（如医院、剧院）。

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. This can happen through rural-to-urban migration or natural increase. Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements or rural areas.

城市化是城镇和城市居住人口比例增加的过程。这可能通过城乡迁移或自然增长实现。逆城市化是人们从大城市向较小聚落或农村地区移动的过程。

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7. Economic Activity | 经济活动

Economic activities are classified into four sectors: primary (extracting raw materials, e.g. farming, mining), secondary (manufacturing and processing, e.g. car building), tertiary (providing services, e.g. teaching, retail), and quaternary (knowledge-based activities, e.g. research and IT).

经济活动分为四个部门：第一产业（开采原材料，如农业、采矿）、第二产业（制造和加工，如汽车制造）、第三产业（提供服务，如教学、零售）和第四产业（知识型活动，如研究和信息技术）。

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year. GDP per capita is that total divided by the population, giving an average income figure which helps to measure development.

国内生产总值（GDP）是一个国家一年内生产的商品和服务的总价值。人均GDP是该总额除以人口，得出的平均收入数字有助于衡量发展水平。

A transnational corporation (TNC) is a large company that operates in more than one country. TNCs often have their headquarters in one country (usually a HIC) and production facilities in others (often LICs) to take advantage of cheaper labour and resources.

跨国公司是在多个国家运营的大型公司。跨国公司通常总部设在一个国家（往往是高收入国家），生产设施则在其他国家（往往是低收入国家），以利用更廉价的劳动力和资源。

Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through trade, investment, migration, and the exchange of ideas. Improvements in transport and communication technology have accelerated this process.

全球化是世界通过贸易、投资、迁移和思想交流而日益相互联系的过程。交通和通信技术的进步加速了这一进程。

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8. Tectonic Hazards and Volcanoes | 构造灾害与火山

Earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates that float on the semi-molten mantle. Their movement is driven by convection currents. Where plates meet, we find earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries.

地壳分裂为漂浮在半熔融地幔上的构造板块。它们的运动由对流驱动。在板块相遇的地方，沿板块边界会出现地震和火山。

A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which magma, ash, and gases erupt. At constructive plate boundaries, magma rises as the plates pull apart, forming shield volcanoes with gentle slopes. At destructive boundaries, subducting plates cause explosive composite volcanoes.

火山是地壳中的开口，岩浆、火山灰和气体从中喷发。在建设性板块边界，岩浆随着板块分离而上升，形成具有平缓山坡的盾状火山。在破坏性边界，俯冲的板块引起爆炸性复合火山。

An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by the release of stress along a fault line. The focus is the point inside the Earth where the earthquake starts, and the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus.

地震是地面由断层线应力释放引起的突然震动。震源是地球内部地震开始的那一点，震中是震源正上方的地表点。

Tsunami is a series of large ocean waves usually triggered by an undersea earthquake. As waves approach shallow coastal waters, they slow down and increase in height, causing powerful flooding.

海啸是由海底地震引发的一系列巨大海浪。当波浪接近浅水海岸时，它们减速并增高，造成强大的洪水。

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9. Ecosystems | 生态系统

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interacting with each other and their non-living environment (soil, climate, water). It functions through food chains and nutrient cycles.

生态系统是生物体（植物、动物、微生物）共同生活并与其非生物环境（土壤、气候、水）相互作用的群落。它通过食物链和养分循环发挥作用。

A biome is a large-scale ecosystem with a distinct climate, soil, and vegetation type, such as tropical rainforest, tundra, desert, or deciduous forest. The distribution of biomes is linked to global climate patterns.

生物群系是一个大规模的生态系统，具有独特的气候、土壤和植被类型，如热带雨林、苔原、荒漠或落叶林。生物群系的分布与全球气候模式相关。

Tropical rainforests are found near the equator, where it is hot and wet all year. They have a layered structure: emergent layer, canopy, understory, and forest floor. Rapid nutrient cycling occurs because warm, moist conditions quickly decompose organic matter.

热带雨林位于赤道附近，全年炎热潮湿。它们有分层结构：露生层、树冠层、下层林木和森林地被层。由于温暖潮湿的条件使有机物迅速分解，养分循环非常迅速。

Deforestation is the large-scale removal of trees from a forest, often for timber, agriculture, or mining. This harms biodiversity, disrupts the water cycle, and contributes to climate change by releasing stored carbon dioxide.

森林砍伐是大规模地移除森林中的树木，通常用于木材、农业或采矿。这损害了生物多样性，扰乱了水循环，并因释放储存的二氧化碳而加剧气候变化。

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10. Fieldwork and Geographical Enquiry | 野外考察与地理探究

Primary data is information you collect yourself first-hand, such as questionnaires, measurements of river depth, or traffic counts. Secondary data is information already collected and published by someone else, such as census data, maps, or official reports.

一手数据是亲自收集的信息，如问卷、河流深度测量或车流量计数。二手数据是他人已经收集并发布的信息，如人口普查数据、地图或官方报告。

Quantitative data is numerical information that can be measured and presented using graphs, charts, and statistics. Qualitative data is descriptive information about qualities, opinions, and observations that is often recorded as notes, photographs, or interviews.

定量数据是可以测量并用图表和统计呈现的数字信息。定性数据是关于质量、意见和观察的描述性信息，通常以笔记、照片或访谈记录。

A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction that you investigate during fieldwork. For example, ‘The river channel gets wider and deeper as you move downstream.’ You then collect data to see if your hypothesis is supported.

假说是野外考察中调查的可检验陈述或预测。例如，“河流的河道随着向下游移动而变得更宽更深。”然后你收集数据来看你的假说是否得到支持。

Risk assessment involves identifying possible dangers before fieldwork, evaluating the likelihood and severity of each risk, and planning ways to reduce them. This keeps everyone safe during outdoor investigations.

风险评估包括在野外考察前识别可能的危险，评估每种风险的可能性和严重性，并计划降低风险的方法。这能确保所有人在户外调查期间的安全。

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11. Key Command Words in Exam Questions | 考题中的关键指令词

When a question says ‘describe’, it wants you to say what something is like, without explaining why. Use adjectives and facts to paint a picture, such as describing a pattern on a graph or the features of a landform.

当题目要求“描述”时，它希望你说明某事物是什么样的，而不需要解释原因。使用形容词和事实来描述，例如描述图表上的模式或一个地貌的特征。

‘Explain’ means you need to give reasons for why or how something happens. Link causes to effects using connectives like ‘because’, ‘so’, or ‘this led to’. For example, explain why coastal erosion happens faster at a certain location.

“解释”意味着你需要给出某事发生的原因或方式。使用诸如“因为”、“所以”或“这导致了”等连接词将原因与结果联系起来。例如，解释为什么在某个地点海岸侵蚀发生得更快。

‘Compare’ asks you to identify similarities and differences between two or more things. Use comparative phrases like ‘higher than’, ‘similarly’, or ‘on the other hand’. Look at data sets, maps, or photographs to note contrasts.

“比较”要求你找出两个或多个事物之间的相似点和不同点。使用比较性短语，如“比……高”、“同样地”或“另一方面”。观察数据集、地图或照片以注意差异。

‘Evaluate’ requires you to weigh up the strengths and weaknesses, or advantages and disadvantages, and reach a concluding judgement. For instance, evaluate the success of a coastal management strategy, including both its benefits and its costs.

“评价”要求你权衡优劣或利弊，并得出一个结论性判断。例如，评价一个海岸管理策略的成功程度，包括其效益和成本。

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12. Quick Tips for Memorising Key Terms | 速记关键术语的技巧

Create dual-language flashcards with the term on one side and the definition in English on the reverse; say the Chinese equivalent aloud when you see the term. Actively testing yourself improves retention far more than re-reading notes.

制作双语抽认卡，一面是术语，另一面是英文定义；看到术语时大声说出中文对应词。主动测试自己比反复阅读笔记更能提高记忆。

Use mnemonics and visual stories to link challenging terms together. For example, to remember the four transportation processes, imagine a big rock rolling (traction), pebbles bouncing (saltation), fine sand floating (suspension), and sugar dissolving (solution).

使用助记法和视觉故事将难记的术语联系起来。例如，为了记住四个搬运过程，想象一块大石头滚动（牵引），卵石跳动着（跃移），细沙悬浮着（悬浮），糖溶解了（溶蚀）。

Practise applying vocabulary in full sentences rather than just memorising isolated definitions. When revising, write a short paragraph that links several terms from one topic; this mirrors the command ‘explain’ and ‘describe’ in exam-style questions.

练习在完整的句子中使用词汇，而不仅仅是记忆孤立的定义。复习时，写一段短文链接一个主题中的几个术语；这模拟了考试中“解释”和“描述”类的指令。

Teach a friend or family member a small set of terms in both languages. Explaining concepts out loud reveals gaps in your understanding and consolidates your learning, making recall much faster under exam pressure.

用两种语言教一个朋友或家人一组小术语。大声解释概念能揭示你理解中的空白，巩固学习，让你在考试压力下回忆得更快。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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