📚 KS3 WJEC Physics: Core Knowledge Summary | KS3 WJEC 物理：核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the essential topics in the KS3 WJEC Physics curriculum. It covers energy, forces, electricity, waves, matter, and space, presenting key ideas in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learning. Each section builds a solid foundation for future GCSE study.
本文全面梳理了 KS3 WJEC 物理课程的核心知识点，涵盖能量、力、电、波、物质与空间，并以中英双语呈现，帮助双语学习者打好基础。每一部分都为今后的 GCSE 学习做好铺垫。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量的储存与转移
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between different stores. The main energy stores include kinetic, thermal, chemical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, and nuclear energy.
能量不能被创造或消灭，只能在不同储存之间转移。主要的能量储存包括动能、热能（内能）、化学能、重力势能、弹性势能和核能。
A system is an object or group of objects. When a system changes, energy is transferred. For example, a falling ball transfers energy from the gravitational potential store to the kinetic store.
系统是指一个物体或一组物体。当系统发生变化时，能量发生转移。例如，下落的球将能量从重力势能储存转移到动能储存。
Energy can be transferred by four pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (work done by moving charges), by heating, and by radiation (light or sound).
能量可以通过四种途径转移：机械做功（力做功）、电做功（移动电荷做功）、加热以及辐射（光或声）。
In energy diagrams, we often use Sankey diagrams to show useful and wasted energy transfers. Wasted energy usually ends up in the thermal store of the surroundings.
在能流图中，我们常用桑基图来表示有用能量和浪费能量的转移。浪费的能量通常会转入周围环境的热能储存。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull, measured in newtons (N). Forces can change the shape, speed, or direction of an object. Contact forces include friction, air resistance, and tension. Non-contact forces include gravity, magnetic force, and electrostatic force.
力是推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。力可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。接触力包括摩擦力、空气阻力和张力；非接触力包括重力、磁力和静电力。
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time. The formula is:
速度是单位时间内移动的距离。公式为：
speed = distance ÷ time
Average speed = total distance / total time. In distance–time graphs, a straight line represents constant speed; a horizontal line means the object is stationary. A steeper slope indicates a higher speed.
平均速率 = 总路程 ÷ 总时间。在路程–时间图中，直线表示匀速运动；水平线表示物体静止；斜率越大代表速率越高。
Balanced forces mean the object remains at rest or moves at constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. This is summarised by Newton’s First Law.
平衡力意味着物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。不平衡力会导致加速或减速。这可以用牛顿第一定律来概括。
Hooke’s Law describes the extension of a spring: extension is directly proportional to the force applied, up to the limit of proportionality.
胡克定律描述了弹簧的伸长量：在弹性限度内，伸长量与施加的力成正比。
3. Pressure and Moments | 压力与力矩
Pressure is the force per unit area. The formula is pressure = force / area. The unit is N/m² or pascal (Pa). A large force on a small area creates high pressure, which is why sharp knives cut easily.
压强是单位面积上所受的力。公式为：压强 = 力 ÷ 面积。单位是 N/m² 或帕斯卡 (Pa)。作用在小面积上的大力会产生高压强，这就是锋利的刀容易切割的原因。
In liquids, pressure increases with depth and acts equally in all directions. Gases also exert pressure due to particles colliding with the walls of their container.
在液体中，压强随深度增加而增大，并且在各个方向作用相等。气体也会因为粒子撞击容器壁而产生压强。
A moment is the turning effect of a force. Moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot. The unit is N m. For a lever to be balanced, total clockwise moments = total anticlockwise moments.
力矩是力的转动效应。力矩 = 力 × 力到支点的垂直距离。单位是牛顿·米 (N m)。杠杆平衡时，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
4. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). For a current to flow, a circuit must be complete and contain a source of potential difference (voltage).
电流是电荷的流动，单位是安培 (A)。要形成电流，电路必须是闭合的，并且包含一个提供电位差（电压）的电源。
Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance is the opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电位差（电压）是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特 (V)。电阻是对电流的阻碍作用，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
Ohm’s Law can be expressed as:
V = I × R
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel circuits, the voltage is the same across each branch, and the total current splits between branches.
在串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电阻等于各电阻之和。在并联电路中，各支路电压相等，总电流在各支路间分流。
Common circuit symbols students must recognise include those for cells, batteries, switches, lamps, fixed and variable resistors, ammeters, and voltmeters.
学生需要辨认常见的电路符号，包括电池、开关、灯泡、定值电阻、滑动变阻器、电流表和电压表。
5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁
Magnets have a north pole and a south pole. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. The magnetic field lines go from north to south outside the magnet. The Earth itself behaves like a giant magnet with a magnetic north pole.
磁铁有北极和南极。同性相斥，异性相吸。磁铁外部的磁感线从北极指向南极。地球本身就像一个巨大的磁铁，具有地磁北极。
An electromagnet is created when an electric current flows through a wire coiled around an iron core. The strength of the electromagnet can be increased by increasing the current, adding more turns to the coil, or using a soft iron core.
当电流流过缠绕铁芯的线圈时，就产生了电磁铁。通过增大电流、增加线圈匝数或使用软铁芯，都可以增强电磁铁的磁力。
Electromagnets are used in devices such as electric bells, relays, and scrap metal cranes. They are useful because they can be switched on and off.
电磁铁用于电铃、继电器和废金属起重机等设备。它们很有用，因为可以随时开关。
6. Waves: Sound and Light | 波：声音与光
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. There are two main types: transverse waves (e.g., light, water waves) and longitudinal waves (e.g., sound). In transverse waves, vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer; in longitudinal waves, vibrations are parallel.
波传递能量而不传递物质。主要分两类：横波（如光波、水波）和纵波（如声波）。横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直；纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行。
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement from the rest position. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or compressions. Frequency is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
振幅是波偏离平衡位置的最大位移。波长是两个相邻波峰或相邻密部之间的距离。频率是每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。
Sound travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. It cannot travel through a vacuum. Light travels in straight lines and can be reflected and refracted. The law of reflection states: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
声音在固体中传播最快，液体中次之，气体中最慢。声音不能在真空中传播。光沿直线传播，能被反射和折射。反射定律指出：入射角等于反射角。
When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it changes speed and bends. This is refraction. White light can be split into the colours of the spectrum by a prism – this is called dispersion.
当光从一种透明介质进入另一种介质时，速度改变并发生弯曲，这就是折射。白光通过棱镜可以分解成光谱中的各种颜色，这叫做色散。
7. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles. The arrangement and movement of these particles determine the state of matter: solid, liquid, or gas. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are close together but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speed.
所有物质都由微小的粒子组成。粒子的排列方式和运动状态决定了物质的状态：固态、液态或气态。在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在固定位置振动。在液体中，粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑动。在气体中，粒子相距很远，高速随机运动。
Changes of state, such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing, involve energy transfers but the mass stays the same. The temperature remains constant during a change of state.
物态变化（如熔化、凝固、沸腾和凝结）都涉及能量转移，但质量保持不变。在物态变化过程中，温度保持不变。
Brownian motion provides evidence for the particle model. Pollen grains in water move in random paths because they are being hit by tiny, fast-moving water particles.
布朗运动为粒子模型提供了证据。水中的花粉粒做无规则运动，是因为它们受到细小、快速运动的水分子碰撞。
8. Space Physics | 空间物理
Our solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, and smaller bodies such as asteroids and comets. The order of planets from the Sun is Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
我们的太阳系由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星以及小行星和彗星等小天体组成。行星距太阳由近及远的顺序是：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星。
The Sun is a star at the centre of our solar system, providing light and heat through nuclear fusion. Earth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night; its orbit around the Sun takes one year and causes the seasons.
太阳是一颗恒星，通过核聚变提供光和热。地球绕地轴自转形成昼夜交替；绕太阳公转一周为一年，并形成四季。
Gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons around planets. The strength of gravity depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them.
引力是保持行星绕太阳运行、卫星绕行星运行的力。引力的大小取决于物体的质量以及它们之间的距离。
Our galaxy is the Milky Way, containing billions of stars. The Universe contains billions of galaxies. Scientists believe the Universe began with the Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago.
我们的星系是银河系，包含数十亿颗恒星。宇宙包含数十亿个星系。科学家认为宇宙起始于约138亿年前的大爆炸。
9. Working Scientifically in Physics | 物理科学探究方法
In KS3 Physics, students develop skills in planning experiments, taking accurate measurements, and analysing data. Variables include the independent variable (what you change), the dependent variable (what you measure), and control variables (what you keep the same).
在 KS3 物理中，学生需要培养设计实验、准确测量和分析数据的能力。变量包括自变量（你改变的）、因变量（你测量的）和控制变量（保持不变的）。
Results are often presented in tables and graphs. A line of best fit can reveal patterns. Conclusions must relate back to the hypothesis and be supported by evidence.
结果通常用表格和图线呈现。最佳拟合线可以揭示规律。结论必须与假设相关联，并由证据支持。
Common hazards in physics practicals include hot surfaces, electrical risks, and trip hazards. A risk assessment should be completed before any experiment.
物理实验中常见的危险包括高温表面、电击风险和绊倒风险。任何实验前都应完成风险评估。
10. Key Equations and Units Summary | 核心公式与单位总结
Here is a quick reference table of the most important equations and SI units used at KS3 level.
以下是 KS3 阶段最重要公式与国际单位制的速查表。
| Equation / Key Relationship | Units |
| speed = distance ÷ time | m/s, m, s |
| pressure = force ÷ area | Pa (N/m²), N, m² |
| moment = force × perpendicular distance | N m, N, m |
| V = I × R (Ohm’s Law) | V, A, Ω |
| weight = mass × gravitational field strength | N, kg, N/kg |
| work done = force × distance | J (N m), N, m |
Remember: always write the correct units and convert where necessary (e.g., cm to m, minutes to seconds).
注意：请务必书写正确单位，并在必要时进行单位换算（如厘米换成米、分钟换成秒）。
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