Key Points for Experimental/Practical Assessment in Pre-U WJEC Physical Education | Pre-U WJEC 体育：实验/实践考核要点

📚 Key Points for Experimental/Practical Assessment in Pre-U WJEC Physical Education | Pre-U WJEC 体育：实验/实践考核要点

In Pre-U WJEC Physical Education, the experimental and practical assessment components are designed to evaluate students’ ability to apply scientific methods and practical skills to real sporting contexts. This includes conducting physiological experiments, analysing performance data, and demonstrating safe and effective practical techniques. A thorough understanding of the key assessment criteria, common procedures, and reporting standards is essential for success.

在 Pre-U WJEC 体育课程中，实验与实践考核旨在评估学生将科学方法和实践技能应用于真实运动情境的能力。这包括进行生理实验、分析运动表现数据，以及展现出安全有效的实践技术。全面理解关键评分标准、常见流程及报告规范，是取得优异成绩的基础。

1. Overview of WJEC Pre-U Practical Assessment | WJEC Pre-U 实践考核概述

The practical assessment in WJEC Pre-U Physical Education is split into performance tasks and an experimental investigation. Students must demonstrate competence in a chosen sport and produce a detailed scientific investigation on a physiological or biomechanical topic. The assessment rewards clear methodology, critical analysis, and effective communication.

WJEC Pre-U 体育的实践考核分为运动表现任务和实验调查两部分。学生需要在选定运动项目中展示能力，并针对某一生理或生物力学课题撰写详细的科学调查报告。评估注重清晰的方法步骤、批判性分析及有效的沟通表达。

Internal moderation and external verification ensure that marks are standardised across centres. Therefore, understanding the mark scheme and focusing on assessment objectives (AO2, AO3 etc.) is crucial.

内部审查与外部核验确保各中心的评分标准一致。因此，深入理解评分标准并聚焦评估目标（如 AO2、AO3 等）至关重要。

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2. Designing Valid and Reliable Experiments | 设计有效且可靠的实验

A well-designed experiment must include a clear hypothesis, independent and dependent variables, and appropriate control measures. In sports science, variables such as temperature, hydration, and prior fatigue must be controlled to ensure internal validity.

一个设计良好的实验必须包含明确的假设、自变量与因变量，以及恰当的对照措施。在运动科学中，需控制温度、水合状态以及之前的疲劳程度等变量，以确保内部效度。

Reliability is achieved through standardised protocols and repeated trials. For example, when measuring reaction time, use the same auditory signal, identical equipment calibration, and multiple attempts to minimise random error.

信度通过标准化方案和重复试验来实现。例如，测量反应时时应使用相同的声音信号、一致的设备校准以及多次尝试，以减少随机误差。

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3. Standardised Physiological Testing Protocols | 标准化生理测试方案

Common physiological tests include the 20 m multistage fitness test (beep test), Wingate anaerobic power test, and laboratory-based VO₂max assessment. Each must be administered according to established guidelines to ensure valid comparisons.

常见生理测试包括 20 米多级体能测试（蜂鸣跑）、Wingate 无氧功率测试和基于实验室的最大摄氧量评估。每一项都必须按照既定指南执行，才能保证比较的有效性。

Baseline measurements, such as resting heart rate and blood pressure, should be recorded before exertion. During the test, continuous monitoring and clear communication with the participant help maintain safety and data quality.

基线测量（如安静心率和血压）应在运动前记录。测试过程中，持续监控并与参与者清晰沟通，有助于保障安全与数据质量。

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4. Biomechanical and Movement Analysis | 生物力学与动作分析

Practical assessment often requires analysing a sporting movement using qualitative observation or quantitative tools such as video analysis software and force plates. Students should be able to identify key phases of a movement (preparatory, execution, follow-through) and apply biomechanical principles.

实践考核常要求通过定性观察或定量工具（如视频分析软件、测力台）分析运动动作。学生应能够辨识动作的关键阶段（准备、执行、随挥），并应用生物力学原理。

Angle measurement at joints, centre of mass displacement, and ground reaction forces are typical data collected. Using Dartfish or similar software, students can annotate video frames and calculate temporal variables.

关节角度测量、质心位移和地面反作用力是常见收集的数据。借助 Dartfish 或类似软件，学生可标注视频帧并计算时间变量。

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5. Skill Performance and Video Assessment | 技能表现与视频评估

For the skill performance component, students are filmed performing specific techniques in their chosen sport. The evidence must clearly demonstrate consistent execution under conditioned and competitive situations. Video evidence must be unedited and clearly show the performer’s identity.

在技能表现部分，学生需录制在选定运动中展示特定技术的视频。证据必须清晰显示在条件性和竞技情境下都能稳定地完成动作。视频不得剪辑，且需清晰展示表演者身份。

Assessment criteria typically focus on fluency, accuracy, decision-making, and adaptability. Students should select a variety of skills that match the mark descriptors, ensuring adequate breadth and depth.

评分标准通常关注流畅性、准确性、决策能力及适应性。学生应选择与评分描述符相匹配的多种技能，确保具备足够的广度和深度。

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6. Use of Data Logging and Sport Technology | 数据记录与运动科技的应用

Heart rate monitors, GPS units, and accelerometers are commonly used in practical investigations. Students must demonstrate the ability to set up devices, export data, and interpret outputs such as distance covered, speed zones, and heart rate variability.

心率监测器、GPS 单元和加速度计常用于实践调查。学生须展示设置设备、导出数据并解读输出结果（如覆盖距离、速度区间、心率变异性）的能力。

For laboratory experiments, spirometers, blood lactate analysers, and cycle ergometers with metabolic carts are used. Careful calibration and adherence to manufacturer’s instructions are necessary for accurate results.

对于实验室实验，使用肺活量计、血乳酸分析仪和配备代谢车的功率自行车。仔细校准并遵守制造商说明是获取准确结果的必要条件。

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7. Statistical Interpretation of Experimental Data | 实验数据的统计分析

Raw data must be processed using basic statistical techniques: mean, median, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Students may use correlation (Pearson’s r) or t-tests to evaluate relationships or differences between groups or conditions.

原始数据必须运用基本统计技术处理：平均数、中位数、标准差及变异系数。学生可能使用相关分析（皮尔逊 r）或 t 检验来评估组间或条件间的关系或差异。

Graphical representation (scatter plots, bar charts with error bars) is expected. Always label axes with units and include a descriptive title. Be prepared to discuss the statistical significance and practical significance of your results.

需要以图形展示（散点图、带误差条的条形图）。务必用单位标注坐标轴并包含描述性标题。准备好讨论结果的统计显著性和实际意义。

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8. Identifying and Mitigating Experimental Errors | 识别与减少实验误差

Differentiate between systematic errors (e.g. faulty calibration) and random errors (e.g. participant motivation). Systematic errors affect accuracy, while random errors reduce precision. Document any potential sources of error and explain how they were controlled.

区分系统误差（如校准故障）和随机误差（如参与者动机）。系统误差影响准确性，随机误差降低精密度。记录所有潜在误差来源，并说明如何控制。

Use a table to list test protocols and their typical error margins. For example:

可用表格列出测试方案及其典型误差范围。例如：

Test	Typical Error	Mitigation
30 m Sprint (timing gates)	±0.01 s	Same gate height, multiple trials
Vertical Jump (force plate)	±0.5 cm	Standardised arm position
Heart rate (chest strap)	±2 bpm	Moisten electrodes, avoid interference

Referring to such error ranges in your report shows critical evaluation and awareness of measurement limitations.

在报告中提及此类误差范围，展现了批判性评价和对测量局限性的认知。

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9. Health, Safety and Ethical Approval | 健康、安全与伦理审批

Before conducting any experimental procedure with human participants, you must obtain informed consent and, if required, institutional ethical approval. Risk assessments should identify hazards such as tripping, overheating, or equipment malfunction.

在进行任何涉及人类参与者的实验程序前，必须获得知情同意，并在必要时取得机构伦理审批。风险评估应识别诸如绊倒、过热或设备故障等危险。

WJEC expects candidates to demonstrate safe practice: proper warm-up, adequate supervision, and immediate access to first aid. For invasive procedures (e.g. blood lactate sampling), additional training and hygiene protocols are mandatory.

WJEC 期望考生

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