Pre-U AQA Geography: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U AQA Geography: Glossary Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering geographical terminology is not just about passing an exam – it is about learning the language of the planet. In Pre-U AQA Geography, precision matters: using terms like ‘abrasion’ instead of ‘wearing away’, or ‘hydraulic action’ instead of ‘water force’, lifts your answers to a higher academic level. This guide blends memory hacks, conceptual groupings and quick definitions to help you retain and apply key vocabulary faster and more confidently.

掌握地理术语不仅是为了通过考试，更是学习这门描述地球的语言。Pre-U AQA 地理对表述的精准性要求很高：用 ‘abrasion’ 而非 ‘wearing away’，用 ‘hydraulic action’ 而非 ‘water force’，能让你的答案瞬间提升学术层次。本指南融合记忆技巧、概念归类与简明释义，帮助你更快、更自信地记忆并运用核心词汇。

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1. Why Terminology Is Your Shortcut to Marks | 为什么术语是提分捷径

Examiners expect you to use appropriate geographical vocabulary in context. A carefully placed term like ‘positive feedback loop’ or ‘centripetal force’ signals deep understanding. Start by grouping terms thematically rather than alphabetically; your brain connects concepts better when they share a physical or human geography story.

阅卷官期望你在答题中恰当使用地理词汇。一个精准的 ‘positive feedback loop’ 或 ‘centripetal force’ 能立刻传递出深层理解。建议按主题而非字母顺序归类术语；当词汇共享一个自然或人文地理故事时，大脑会建立更牢固的概念联结。

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2. River Process Terms: Energy and Erosion | 河流过程术语：能量与侵蚀

Hydraulic action: The sheer force of water smashing into cracks and dislodging particles. Imagine a high-pressure hose stripping soil off a riverbank.

水力作用 (hydraulic action): 水流直接冲击岩缝、剥蚀岩石颗粒。想象高压水枪冲刷河岸，瞬间带走泥沙。

Abrasion (also called corrasion): The river uses its load of sand and pebbles like sandpaper, scraping the bed and banks. Link ‘abrasion’ to ‘abrasive’ – rough and scratching.

磨蚀 (abrasion, 也称 corrasion): 河流携带的沙石如同砂纸，不断刮削河床与河岸。将 ‘abrasion’ 与 ‘abrasive’ (粗糙磨人的) 结合记忆。

Attrition: Rocks and pebbles carried by the river collide, becoming smaller, smoother and rounder. Think of pebbles ‘attriting’ each other like a slow-motion rock tumbler.

磨耗 (attrition): 河水搬运的石块相互碰撞，变得更小、更圆滑。联想岩石在缓慢的“滚筒”中互相打磨——’attrition’ 本身就是磨损的意思。

Solution (or corrosion): Chemical dissolving of soluble minerals by slightly acidic water, especially in limestone areas. Remember ‘solution’ dissolves – just like sugar in tea.

溶蚀 (solution 或 corrosion): 弱酸性河水对可溶性矿物的化学溶解，常见于石灰岩地区。记法：’solution’ 像糖溶于茶，岩石溶于水。

Vertical and lateral erosion: Vertical erosion deepens the channel, dominant in upper course; lateral erosion widens the valley, typical in middle and lower courses. Use the mnemonic ‘V for valley deepening, L for landscape widening’.

下蚀与侧蚀 (vertical / lateral erosion): 下蚀加深河道，多见于上游；侧蚀加宽河谷，多见于中下游。助记：’V’ 代表下切加深 (Vertical)，’L’ 代表侧向拓宽 (Lateral)。

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3. River Transport and Deposition: Load on the Move | 河流搬运与沉积：移动的负载

Traction: Largest boulders roll along the river bed. Picture heavy rocks being ‘tractor-towed’ by the current.

推移 (traction): 巨大的卵石沿河床滚动。联想 ‘tractor’ (拖拉机) 拖拽重物——水流如拖拉机般推动巨石。

Saltation: Small pebbles bounce along the bed in a series of hops. Think of a popping ‘salted’ popcorn jump.

跃移 (saltation): 小砾石沿河床跳跃前进。把 ‘saltation’ 拆成 ‘salt’ + ‘ation’，想象盐粒在热锅里蹦跳。

Suspension: Fine particles like silt and clay are carried within the water body, making it cloudy. They ‘suspend’ in the flow without sinking.

悬移 (suspension): 细小的泥沙和黏土悬浮在水体中，使河水浑浊。它们 ‘suspend’ 在水中，不沉底。

Solution (transport): Dissolved minerals are carried invisibly. This is the same word as the erosion process – but here it means the transport of dissolved load.

溶解质搬运 (solution transport): 溶解的矿物微粒被水搬运，肉眼不可见。与侵蚀中的 ‘solution’ 同词，但此处指搬运溶解质。

Deposition: When a river loses energy, it drops its load – heaviest materials first. Remember ‘deposition’ rhymes with ‘deposit’ – as in a bank deposit.

沉积 (deposition): 河流能量减弱时，最先沉降最粗重的物质。’deposition’ 与 ‘deposit’ (存款) 同源，都是“放下”的意思。

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4. Coastal Terms: Waves and Shaping the Shore | 海岸术语：波浪与塑岸

Constructive waves: Low, surging waves with a strong swash that builds up the beach. Think ‘constructive’ builds the beach like a builder constructs a house.

建设性波浪 (constructive waves): 低而涌的波浪，冲流强劲，堆积海滩物质。’constructive’ 即建设，如同建筑工人建造房屋。

Destructive waves: Tall, plunging waves with a powerful backwash that erodes the beach. They ‘destroy’ the beach profile.

破坏性波浪 (destructive waves): 高而卷跃的波浪，回流强，侵蚀海滩。它们 ‘destroy’ 海滩的地形。

Longshore drift: The zigzag movement of sediment along the coast caused by waves hitting at an angle. Picture a conveyor belt moving sand sideways.

沿岸漂沙 (longshore drift): 波浪以斜角冲击海岸，使泥沙呈现锯齿状侧向移动。想象一条横向传送带缓慢搬运沙粒。

Fetch: The distance of open water over which wind blows to generate waves. A longer fetch means bigger waves. ‘Fetch’ – imagine the wind ‘fetching’ energy across the sea.

风距 (fetch): 风在水面吹拂形成波浪的开阔水域距离。风距越大，波浪越高。联想风从远洋“取”(fetch)来能量。

Swash and backwash: Swash is the rush of water up the beach; backwash is the return flow. Strong backwash = removal of sand.

冲流与回流 (swash / backwash): 冲流是波浪拍岸后冲向海滩的水流；回流是水退回海中。回流越强，移走的泥沙越多。

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5. Tectonic Hazards: Earth’s Restless Engine | 构造灾害术语：躁动的地球

Convection currents: Heat-driven circular movements in the mantle that push and pull tectonic plates. Think of jam bubbling in a pan – rising, spreading and sinking.

地幔对流 (convection currents): 由地热驱动的环流，推拉构造板块。联想果酱在锅中咕嘟冒泡：上升、铺展、下沉。

Subduction zone: Where a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath a less dense plate, often forming a deep ocean trench. ‘Sub’ means under, ‘duction’ means lead – leading one plate under another.

俯冲带 (subduction zone): 密度较大的大洋板块向较轻板块下方俯冲，常形成深海沟。’sub’ 在下，’duction’ 引导——把板块引导至下方。

Focus and epicentre: The focus is the point inside the Earth where the earthquake starts; the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above. Remember ‘epi-‘ means ‘upon’ – epicentre sits upon the focus.

震源与震中 (focus / epicentre): 震源是地球内部地震起始点；震中是震源正上方的地表点。’epi-‘ 表示“在…上面”，震中就坐在震源之上。

Richter scale vs Mercalli scale: Richter measures magnitude (energy released) logarithmically; Mercalli measures intensity (observed effects) in Roman numerals. ‘Richter = numbers, Mercalli = motions felt.’

里氏震级与麦氏烈度 (Richter / Mercalli): 里氏震级按对数衡量释放能量；麦氏烈度用罗马数字评定破坏与感受。助记：’Richter 求数值，Mercalli 论感觉’。

Hot spot: A fixed plume of magma rising from deep in the mantle, creating volcanic islands as the plate moves over it. Hawaii is a chain of hot-spot volcanoes.

热点 (hot spot): 来自地幔深处固定的熔岩柱，当板块移动时形成火山岛链。夏威夷群岛即为热点火山链。

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6. Climate Change: Global Systems and Feedback | 气候变化：全球系统与反馈

Albedo effect: The reflectivity of a surface; ice has high albedo, ocean has low. As ice melts, less reflection means more heating – a positive feedback loop. ‘Albedo’ sounds like ‘albino’ (white), reflecting light.

反照率效应 (albedo effect): 地表反射太阳辐射的能力；冰面反照率高，海面低。冰融化降低反射，加剧升温——这是一个正反馈循环。’albedo’ 音近 ‘albino’ (白化)，代表白色反射。

Milankovitch cycles: Long-term variations in Earth’s orbit, tilt and wobble that influence climate patterns on a scale of tens of thousands of years. Memorise three components: eccentricity, obliquity and precession.

米兰科维奇循环 (Milankovitch cycles): 地球轨道、地轴倾角和转轴摆动的长周期变化，在万年尺度上影响气候。记三个关键词：偏心率 (eccentricity)、倾角 (obliquity)、岁差 (precession)。

Enhanced greenhouse effect: The intensification of the natural greenhouse effect by human emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and other gases. Think ‘enhanced’ = ‘extra’ human layer.

增强温室效应 (enhanced greenhouse effect): 人类排放的二氧化碳、甲烷等令自然温室效应加强。’enhanced’ 即“被放大了”，多了一层人为因素。

Carbon sink: A natural or artificial reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases, such as forests, oceans and peat bogs. ‘Sink’ like a kitchen sink drains water away.

碳汇 (carbon sink): 吸收碳多于释放碳的自然或人工储库，如森林、海洋、泥炭地。’sink’ 如同水槽排水，把碳“吸”走。

Positive and negative feedback: Positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g. ice melt reduces albedo, causing more warming); negative feedback dampens it (e.g. increased CO₂ boosts plant growth, absorbing more CO₂).

正反馈与负反馈 (positive / negative feedback): 正反馈放大变化（如融冰降低反照率，加剧升温）；负反馈抑制变化（如更多 CO₂促使植物生长，吸收更多 CO₂）。

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7. Population and the Demographic Transition Model | 人口与人口转变模型

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people per year. ‘Crude’ means ‘raw’ – it does not account for age structure.

粗出生率 (Crude Birth Rate, CBR): 每年每千人中的活产婴儿数。’crude’ 意为“粗”的，未考虑年龄结构。

Crude Death Rate (CDR): Annual deaths per 1,000 people. Together with CBR, they set the rate of natural change.

粗死亡率 (Crude Death Rate, CDR): 每年每千人中的死亡数。与 CBR 共同决定自然增长率。

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A five-stage model tracking changing birth and death rates as a country develops. Stage 1: high fluctuating; Stage 2: early expanding; Stage 3: late expanding; Stage 4: low fluctuating; Stage 5: decline? Draw the graph to recall each stage.

人口转变模型 (Demographic Transition Model, DTM): 追踪国家发展中出生率和死亡率变化的五阶段模型。阶段一：高位波动；阶段二：早期扩张；阶段三：晚期扩张；阶段四：低位波动；阶段五：下降？画出示意图就能记住每个阶段。

Fertility rate: The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime. Replacement level is about 2.1.

总和生育率 (fertility rate): 一名妇女一生预期生育的平均子女数。替代水平约为2.1。

Push-pull factors: Push factors (unemployment, war) drive people away; pull factors (jobs, safety) attract them. Think of physical forces – you get pushed out and pulled in.

推拉因素 (push-pull factors): 推力因素（失业、战争）使人离开；拉力因素（就业、安全）吸引人前往。想象物理上的推与拉。

Net migration: The difference between immigration and emigration. Positive net migration means more people arriving than leaving.

净迁移 (net migration): 迁入人口与迁出人口之差。净迁移正值表示入境者多于出境者。

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8. Urbanisation and Changing Urban Forms | 城市化与城市形态变迁

Urbanisation: The increasing proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities. ‘Urban’ + ‘isation’ = the process of becoming city-like.

城市化 (urbanisation): 城镇人口占全国总人口比例不断上升的过程。’urban’ + ‘isation’ = 走向城市化的进程。

Suburbanisation: The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas. Think ‘sub’ + ‘urban’ – the area below or outside the inner city.

郊区化 (suburbanisation): 城市向外扩张并吞并周围乡村地区。’sub’ (下/外) + ‘urban’ = 中心城区之外的区域。

Counter-urbanisation: People moving out of cities into rural areas, often for lifestyle reasons. ‘Counter’ means against – a reverse trend.

逆城市化 (counter-urbanisation): 人口由城市迁往农村地区，常因寻求生活方式改变。’counter’ 表示反方向，逆转城市化进程。

Mega city: A city with a population of over 10 million. ‘Mega’ means huge. Think of ‘megaphone’ making a big sound.

特大城市 (mega city): 人口超过1000万的城市。’mega’ 意为巨大，如 ‘megaphone’ 扩音器——声音大。

Gentrification: The renovation and upgrading of run-down inner-city areas, often displacing lower-income residents. Derived from ‘gentry’ – people of higher social standing.

绅士化 (gentrification): 内城衰落区的翻新与升级，往往导致原有低收入居民被迫迁离。词源 ‘gentry’ (贵族)，暗示社会阶层的改变。

Urban sprawl: Unplanned, low-density spread of city areas into the countryside. ‘Sprawl’ suggests an untidy lounge – sprawling across the landscape.

城市蔓延 (urban sprawl): 无规划、低密度的城市向乡村无序扩展。’sprawl’ 形容四肢摊开躺卧，联想到城市懒散地摊在大地上。

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9. Globalisation and Economic Development | 全球化与经济发展

Globalisation: The growing interconnection of the world’s economies, cultures and populations, driven by trade, technology and investment. ‘Globe’ + ‘isation’ – the world becoming a single system.

全球化 (globalisation): 贸易、科技和投资推动世界经济、文化、人口日益相互联系。’globe’ + ‘isation’——世界变成一个单一系统。

Transnational Corporation (TNC): A large company operating in multiple countries, such as a car manufacturer or technology firm. ‘Trans’ means across; ‘national’ means nations.

跨国公司 (Transnational Corporation, TNC): 在多个国家经营的大型企业，如汽车制造或科技公司。’trans’ 跨越，’national’ 国家——跨越国界。

Global shift: The relocation of manufacturing from developed to developing countries, especially East Asia and Latin America. Think of the factory world map ‘shifting’ eastward.

全球产业转移 (global shift): 制造业由发达国家向发展中国家（尤其是东亚和拉美）转移。想象世界工厂版图向东“shift”。

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) vs Gross National Income (GNI): GDP is the total value of goods and services produced within a country; GNI includes net income from abroad. ‘Domestic’ stays inside, ‘National’ covers what the nation earns anywhere.

国内生产总值 (GDP) 与国民总收入 (GNI): GDP 衡量一国境内生产的总值；GNI 包括来自国外的净收入。’domestic’ 国内，’national’ 国民全球收入。

Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index combining life expectancy, education and income per capita. Remember three Es: Expectancy, Education, Earnings.

人类发展指数 (Human Development Index, HDI): 综合寿命、教育和人均收入的合成指数。记住三个 E：Expectancy（预期寿命）、Education（教育）、Earnings（收入）。

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10. Resources, Energy and Sustainability | 资源、能源与可持续性

Renewable vs non-renewable energy: Renewables (solar, wind, hydro) are replenished naturally; non-renewables (coal, oil, gas) are finite. Think ‘renew’ – you can use them again and again.

可再生能源与不可再生能源 (renewable / non-renewable): 可再生（太阳能、风能、水力）自然补充；不可再生（煤、石油、天然气）储量有限。联想 ‘renew’ (更新)，能一再使用。

Energy mix: The combination of different energy sources used in a country or region. Think of a recipe with various ingredients – each country has its own mix.

能源结构 (energy mix): 一个国家或地区使用不同能源的组合。像食谱的配料组合，各国各有特色。

Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly by human activities, usually measured in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent. Picture a walking carbon ‘footprint’ left behind.

碳足迹 (carbon footprint): 人类活动直接和间接产生的温室气体总量，通常以 CO₂当量吨数计算。想象每一步都留下一个碳的“脚印”。

Ecological footprint: The land and water area required to support a population’s lifestyle and absorb its wastes. Compare it to a giant bootprint on the planet.

生态足迹 (ecological footprint): 支持某人口生活方式并吸收其废物所需的土地和水域面积。如同地球表面的一个巨大靴印。

Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The core 3 pillars: environment, society, economy.

可持续性 (sustainability): 满足当代需求而不损害后代满足其需求的能力。三大支柱：环境、社会、经济。

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11. Geographical Skills and Fieldwork Vocabulary | 地理技能与实地调查词汇

Qualitative data: Non-numerical information such as interview responses, photographs or field sketches. ‘Quality’ – descriptive detail.

定性数据 (qualitative data): 非数字信息，如访谈回复、照片或实地素描。关乎“性质”(quality) 的描述。

Quantitative data: Numerical data like measurements, counts or statistics. ‘Quantity’ – how many, how much.

定量数据 (quantitative data): 数字数据，如测量值、计数或统计结果。关乎“数量”(quantity) 的多少。

GIS (Geographic Information Systems): Computer systems that layer multiple sets of spatial data for analysis and mapping. Imagine layers of tracing paper each with different information.

地理信息系统 (GIS): 将多组空间数据进行分层分析与制图的计算机系统。想象一张张绘制不同信息的透图纸叠在一起。

Spearman’s rank correlation: A statistical test to measure the strength of association between two ranked variables. It produces a coefficient Rₛ between -1 and +1.

斯皮尔曼等级相关 (Spearman’s rank): 衡量两个序数变量之间关联强度的统计检验，产生-1到+1之间的系数 Rₛ。

Primary vs secondary data: Primary data you collect yourself (fieldwork); secondary data is collected by others (census, reports). Primary = personal, secondary = sourced.

一手数据与二手数据 (primary / secondary data): 一手数据是自己收集的（实地调查）；二手数据来自他人（人口普查、报告）。’primary’ 亲自，’secondary’ 借用。

Sampling methods: Random, systematic and stratified sampling are used to select sites or participants. Remember ‘RSS’ – Random, Systematic, Stratified.

抽样方法 (sampling): 随机、系统、分层抽样用于选点或选取参与者。用 ‘RSS’ 助记——Random, Systematic, Stratified。

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12. Quick Memory Techniques: From Roots to Recall | 快速记忆技巧：词根联想与回忆

Build your mental glossary by using etymology and acronyms. Many geographical terms share Latin or Greek roots. For example, ‘hydro’ means water (hydraulic, hydrology), ‘lith’ means stone (lithology, lithosphere), ‘bio’ means life (biosphere, biomass). Exploit these patterns to decode unfamiliar words during the exam.

利用词源和首字母缩写构建心理词库。许多地理术语共享拉丁或希腊词根。例如 ‘hydro’ 代表水，’lith’ 代表石头，’bio’ 代表生命。利用这些模式，考试时遇到生词也能解码。

Create vivid mental images. For ‘abrasion’, picture a gigantic sheet of sandpaper grinding a river bed. For ‘subduction’, imagine a oceanic plate doing a slow-motion dive into the mantle like a sinking ship. The more unusual the image, the stronger the memory.

创造生动的心理图像。想象一张巨大砂纸研磨河床来记忆 ‘abrasion’；想象大洋板块像一艘沉船缓缓俯冲进地幔来记忆 ‘subduction’。画面越离奇，记忆越牢固。

Use the ‘teach back’ method. Explain each term aloud in your own words as if teaching a younger student. If you can simplify without losing accuracy, you really know it. Pair up with a classmate and quiz each other using the definitions in this guide.

使用“教给别人”法。用自己的话大声解释每个术语，就像教低年级学生一样。若能简化而不失准确，说明你真正掌握了。与同学配对，用本指南的定义互相提问。

Categorise terms into process-based families. All erosion processes (hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution) belong to one family; all mass movement terms (slumping, sliding, creep) belong to another. Draw concept maps linking these families with arrows and examples.

把术语按过程归入家庭。所有侵蚀过程（水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗、溶蚀）属于一个家庭；所有块体运动术语（崩塌、滑动、蠕移）属于另一个家庭。绘制概念图，用箭头和案例连接这些家庭。

Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

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