Pre-U AQA Sociology: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Pre-U AQA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U AQA Sociology: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Pre-U AQA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南

This guide provides a rapid recall tool for essential sociological terms you need to master in Pre-U AQA Sociology. Each entry pairs a clear English definition with its Chinese equivalent, helping you build a bilingual understanding that deepens your command of key concepts. Use these paired explanations as flashcards, revision notes, or a quick reference to boost your confidence before exams.

本指南提供 Pre-U AQA 社会学核心术语的速记工具。每个条目都将清晰的英文定义与对应的中文解释配对，助你建立双语理解，加深对关键概念的掌握。可将这些配对释义用作闪卡、复习笔记或快速参考，为考试增添信心。

1. Sociological Theories | 社会学理论

Functionalism: A macro, structural consensus theory that sees society as a system of interconnected parts working together to maintain social order and stability. Key thinkers include Durkheim and Parsons.

功能主义：一种宏观的、结构性的共识理论，将社会视为由相互关联的部分组成的系统，各部分共同作用以维持社会秩序与稳定。主要思想家有涂尔干和帕森斯。

Marxism: A macro, structural conflict theory based on Karl Marx’s ideas. It views society as divided by class conflict between the bourgeoisie (owners of production) and the proletariat (workers), emphasising economic determinism and eventual revolution.

马克思主义：一种基于卡尔·马克思思想的宏观结构性冲突理论。它认为社会因资产阶级（生产资料所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级冲突而分裂，强调经济决定论和最终革命。

Feminism: A conflict perspective focusing on gender inequality and patriarchy. It argues that society is male-dominated and women are systematically disadvantaged. Variants include liberal, Marxist, radical and difference feminisms.

女性主义：一种关注性别不平等与父权制的冲突视角。它主张社会由男性主导，女性系统地处于不利地位。变体包括自由主义、马克思主义、激进和差异女性主义。

Interactionism: A micro-level theory emphasising everyday social interactions and the subjective meanings people attach to them. Unlike structural theories, it sees society as constructed through interactions, using concepts like labelling and the looking-glass self.

互动论：一种微观层面的理论，强调日常社会互动及人们赋予互动的主观意义。与结构理论不同，它视社会为通过互动构建的，使用标签、镜中我等概念。

Postmodernism: A late 20th-century approach arguing that society has moved beyond modernity into a postmodern age of fragmented identities, media saturation, hyperreality, and the rejection of grand narratives or absolute truths.

后现代主义：一种20世纪末的视角，认为社会已超越现代性，进入碎片化身份、媒体饱和、超现实和拒绝宏大叙事或绝对真理的后现代时代。

2. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份

Primary socialisation: The early process of learning the basic norms, values and behaviours of a culture, taking place mainly within the family during childhood. It lays the foundation for an individual’s personality and social belonging.

初级社会化：学习一种文化基本规范、价值观和行为方式的早期过程，主要发生在儿童期的家庭中。它为个体的个性和社会归属感奠定基础。

Secondary socialisation: The later process of learning the appropriate norms, values and behaviours within smaller, more formal groups and institutions beyond the family, such as schools, peer groups and the media.

次级社会化：在家庭之外更小、更正式的群体和机构（如学校、同伴群体和媒体）中学习适当规范、价值观和行为方式的后续过程。

Social identity: An individual’s sense of self based on their membership in social groups such as ethnicity, class, gender and nationality. It is formed through socialisation and constantly negotiated through interaction.

社会身份：个体基于其所属社会群体（如种族、阶级、性别和国籍）的自我意识。它通过社会化形成，并通过互动不断协商。

Agents of socialisation: The individuals, groups and institutions that socialise people, including family, education, peer groups, media, religion and the workplace. Each agent transmits norms and values in different ways.

社会化媒介：对人们进行社会化的个体、群体和机构，包括家庭、教育、同伴群体、媒体、宗教和工作场所。每一媒介以不同方式传递规范与价值观。

Norms and values: Norms are socially accepted rules that guide behaviour in specific situations; values are deep-seated beliefs about what is desirable, good and right, which underpin norms and shape a culture’s moral framework.

规范与价值观：规范是指导特定情境下行为的、被社会接受的规则；价值观是关于什么是理想的、好的和正确的深层信念，它支撑规范并塑造一种文化的道德框架。

3. Research Methods | 研究方法

Validity: The extent to which a research method measures what it intends to measure, producing a true and authentic picture of social reality. Qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews, are often valued for their high validity.

效度：一种研究方法在多大程度上测量了它所要测量的内容，产生对社会现实的真实可靠描画。质性方法，如深度访谈，常因其高效度而受重视。

Reliability: The consistency of a research method; if the study is repeated under similar conditions, it should yield the same results. Quantitative methods, such as standardised questionnaires, typically have higher reliability.

信度：研究方法的一致性；若在相似条件下重复研究，应能得出相同结果。定量方法，如标准化问卷，通常具有更高信度。

Representativeness: The degree to which a sample reflects the characteristics of the wider target population. A representative sample allows the researcher to make broader claims about the group being studied.

代表性：一个样本在多大程度上反映了更广泛目标人群的特征。有代表性的样本使研究者可以对所研究群体作出更广泛的推论。

Generalisability: The ability to apply the findings from a study to a wider population beyond the

Published by TutorHao | Pre-U 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）