Pre-U Cambridge Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U Cambridge 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U Cambridge Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U Cambridge 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the extensive terminology in Cambridge Pre-U Psychology is essential for achieving high marks, particularly in essays where precise use of technical language demonstrates deep understanding. However, the sheer volume of terms – from research methods to biological, cognitive, social, developmental, and individual differences – can feel overwhelming. This quick memorisation guide breaks down the most critical terms by topic, offering mnemonics, definitions, and comparative tables to help you transform rote memorisation into active recall. Whether you are revising for Paper 1 or Paper 2, use this as your go-to glossary and targeted flashcard resource.

掌握 Cambridge Pre-U 心理学的大量术语对于获得高分至关重要，尤其是在论文中，精确使用专业语言能体现深刻理解。然而，从研究方法到生物、认知、社会、发展和个体差异等，繁多的术语令人望而生畏。这份速记指南按主题梳理最关键的术语，提供助记符、定义和对比表格，帮助你化死记硬背为主动回忆。无论你在复习 Paper 1 还是 Paper 2，都可以将其作为你的首选术语表和定向抽认卡资源。

1. Understanding Key Variables and Operational Definitions | 理解关键变量和操作性定义

Independent variable (IV) – the factor manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect. Dependent variable (DV) – the outcome that is measured. Mnemonic: ‘I Manipulate, I am the IV; D for Data, what we record.’ Operational definition – specifying precisely how the IV and DV will be manipulated or measured so that others can replicate the study. Control variable – any variable kept constant to prevent it from affecting the DV. Confounding variable – an uncontrolled variable that systematically varies with the IV, potentially ruining internal validity.

自变量（IV）——研究者操纵的因素，以观察其效应。因变量（DV）——被测量的结果。助记：“我操纵（I Manipulate），我就是 IV；D 代表 Data（数据），即我们记录的内容。”操作性定义——精确说明如何操纵 IV 和测量 DV，以便他人复制研究。控制变量——保持恒定的因素，以防影响 DV。混淆变量——一种未控制、与 IV 系统共变的变量，可能破坏内部效度。

To remember confounding: ‘Confound confuses the cause.’ If a study on caffeine and memory tests all the caffeine group in the morning and the control group in the afternoon, time of day becomes a confound. An operational definition of ‘memory’ could be ‘number of words recalled from a list of 20’. Without it, replication fails.

记住混淆变量：“混淆（Confound）会混淆（confuse）因果。”如果一项咖啡因与记忆的研究把咖啡因组安排在上午测试、对照组安排在下午，那么时间就成了混淆变量。“记忆”的操作性定义可以是“从 20 个单词列表中回忆出的单词数量”。没有操作性定义，研究就无法复制。

2. Experimental Designs and Their Mnemonics | 实验设计及其助记符

Independent groups design – different participants in each condition. Repeated measures design – same participants in all conditions. Matched pairs design – participants matched on a relevant variable, then split across conditions. Mnemonic: ‘Independent groups are like separate teams; Repeated measures use the same players twice; Matched pairs are like twins separated at birth.’

独立组设计——每个条件使用不同的参与者。重复测量设计——相同参与者参与所有条件。匹配对设计——参与者在相关变量上匹配后分别进入不同条件。助记：“独立组如同不同的团队；重复测量是同一批选手参赛两次；匹配对就像是出生时分开的双胞胎。”

Repeated measures can suffer from order effects (practice or fatigue); counterbalancing (AB/BA) controls for this. Independent groups require more participants and risk participant variables (e.g. one group naturally brighter). Matched pairs reduce participant variables but are time-consuming to pre-match.

重复测量可能产生顺序效应（练习或疲劳）；对抗平衡（AB/BA）能加以控制。独立组需要更多参与者，并存在参与者变量风险（如某组天生更聪明）。匹配对减少了参与者变量，但预先匹配很耗时。

3. Validity and Reliability in a Nutshell | 效度与信度概览

Validity – whether a test measures what it claims to measure. Internal validity – whether the IV truly caused the change in DV (no confounds). External validity – generalisability (ecological, population, temporal). Ecological validity – how well findings apply to real-life settings. Reliability – consistency of measurement. Test-retest reliability – same test gives similar results over time. Inter-rater reliability – agreement between observers.

效度——测验是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。内部效度——IV 是否真正引起了 DV 的变化（无混淆）。外部效度——推广性（生态效度、人群效度、时间效度）。生态效度——研究结果在多大程度上适用于真实生活场景。信度——测量的一致性。重测信度——同一测验在不同时间产生相似结果。评分者间信度——观察者之间的一致程度。

Memory aids: ‘V for Veracity (truth); R for Reproducibility.’ Internal validity asks ‘Was it really the IV?’ External validity asks ‘Would this happen elsewhere?’ Often a trade-off exists: tightly controlled lab experiments have high internal validity but may lack ecological validity. Replicate to check reliability.

记忆助手：“V 代表真实（Veracity）；R 代表可重复性（Reproducibility）。”内部效度问：“真是 IV 导致的吗？”外部效度问：“这在其他地方也会发生吗？”两者常有取舍：严格控制的实验室实验内部效度高，但可能缺乏生态效度。通过重复验证检查信度。

4. Sampling Methods Made Simple | 简化取样方法

Random sample – every member of target population has equal chance of selection. Stratified sample – subgroups proportionally represented. Opportunity sample – whoever is available (convenience). Volunteer sample – participants self-select (e.g. via advert). Snowball sample – existing participants recruit others, useful for hidden populations. Mnemonic: ‘Randy Strangers Often Volunteer Silently’ (Random, Stratified, Opportunity, Volunteer, Snowball).

随机取样——目标群体每个成员有均等选择机会。分层取样——按比例代表各子群体。机会取样——使用随手可得的人（方便取样）。志愿者取样——参与者自我选择（如通过广告）。雪球取样——现有参与者招募其他人，适用于隐蔽人群。助记：“随机分层机会志愿者雪球（取首字）”。

Random sampling minimises bias but is hard to achieve. Stratified sampling reflects population characteristics well. Opportunity sampling is quick but likely unrepresentative. Volunteer sampling may attract a certain personality type (volunteer bias). Snowball sampling is invaluable for researching sensitive or hard-to-reach groups.

随机取样最小化偏差但难以实现。分层取样很好地反映群体特征。机会取样快捷但可能代表性差。志愿者取样可能吸引特定人格类型（志愿者偏差）。雪球取样对于研究敏感或难以触及的群体非常有价值。

5. Ethical Guidelines – A Memory Cheat Sheet | 伦理准则速记表

Informed consent – participants know what they are agreeing to. Deception – misleading participants (must be justified and followed by debrief). Debrief – after the study, explaining true purpose and restoring wellbeing. Protection from harm – no physical or psychological harm greater than daily life. Confidentiality – data not publicly shared. Right to withdraw – can leave at any time. Mnemonic: ‘CATCH’ – Confidentiality, Agreement (informed consent), Truthfulness (avoid unnecessary deception), Care (protection from harm), Honourable exit (right to withdraw).

知情同意——参与者明白所同意的事项。欺骗——误导参与者（须有正当理由并随后进行事后说明）。事后说明——研究后解释真正目的，恢复福祉。免受伤害保护——伤害不超过日常生活水平。保密——数据不公开。退出权利——可随时退出。助记：“CATCH”——保密、同意（知情同意）、真实（避免不必要欺骗）、关爱（免受伤害）、体面退出（退出权利）。

When deception is used, a thorough debrief must offer the right to withhold data and provide support if distress occurred. Confidentiality means not revealing names; results are reported as group data. The right to withdraw should be stated at the start and honoured at any point without penalty.

若使用欺骗，详尽的事后说明必须提供撤回数据的权利，并在出现困扰时提供支持。保密意味着不泄露姓名；结果以群体数据呈现。退出权利应在开始时声明，并可在任何时候无惩罚地行使。

6. Biological Psychology Buzzwords | 生物心理学流行词

Neurotransmitters: dopamine (reward, movement), serotonin (mood, sleep), acetylcholine (memory, muscle action). Synapse – gap between neurons where chemical transmission occurs. Brain areas: amygdala (emotion, fear), hippocampus (memory consolidation), prefrontal cortex (decision-making, impulse control). Imaging techniques: fMRI (blood oxygen level dependent, good spatial resolution), PET (radioactive glucose, metabolic activity), EEG (electrical activity via scalp electrodes,

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