📚 Pre-U CCEA Physics: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Pre-U CCEA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
A strong command of precise terminology is the bedrock of success in CCEA Pre-U Physics. Examiners expect you not only to recall definitions but also to apply them with confidence. This guide pairs key terms with simple memory aids, presenting every idea in English and Chinese to deepen understanding and speed up revision.
扎实掌握精准术语是 CCEA Pre-U 物理成功的基石。考官不仅要求你记住定义，还要求你自信地运用它们。本指南为关键术语配以简单的记忆技巧，每个概念均以英中双语呈现，以加深理解并加速复习。
1. Mechanics: Kinematics & Dynamics | 力学：运动学与动力学
Displacement (s) – The vector quantity describing the change in position from start to finish. Hint: ‘s’ as a straight-line shortcut from start.
位移 (s) – 描述从起点到终点位置变化的矢量。记忆：s 可记作“始”位置直线位移。
Velocity (v) – Rate of change of displacement: v = Δs / Δt. A vector. Think: ‘v’ has direction, like an arrow.
速度 (v) – 位移的变化率：v = Δs / Δt，是矢量。联想到箭头方向，“速”字有“辶”似路径。
Acceleration (a) – Rate of change of velocity, a = (v − u) / t. It can be uniform or instantaneous. Memory: a pushes you back in a car.
加速度 (a) – 速度变化率，a = (v − u) / t，可为匀加速度或瞬时加速度。乘车加速时的推背感助记。
Newton’s First Law – An object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a resultant force acts upon it. ‘Inertia resists change.’
牛顿第一定律 – 不受外力的物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。“惯性抵抗变化”——惯性就是“懒得变”。
Newton’s Second Law – F = ma: resultant force equals mass times acceleration. Use ‘F = ma’ as ‘force makes acceleration’.
牛顿第二定律 – F = ma，合外力等于质量乘以加速度。可记为“力产加速”。
Momentum (p) – Product of mass and velocity, p = mv. Conserved in isolated systems. Memory: ‘p’ from ‘impetus’.
动量 (p) – 质量与速度的乘积 p = mv，孤立系统中守恒。记忆：动量强调“冲”劲，p 与 push 关联。
Impulse – Change in momentum, equal to average force × time (FΔt). Used for crumple zones. Hint: Impulse is a ‘force push over time’.
冲量 – 动量的变化，等于平均力乘以时间 FΔt，如汽车溃缩区。记忆：冲击量是力的时间积累。
Work Done (W) – The energy transferred when a force moves its point of application: W = Fs cos θ. Measured in joules. Think: ‘Work = force acting along the way’.
功 (W) – 力沿位移方向做的功：W = Fs cos θ，单位焦耳。记忆：做功是力在“做功”路径上的分量。
2. Materials, Energy & Thermal Physics | 材料、能量与热物理
Hooke’s Law – Extension is proportional to load up to the limit of proportionality: F = kx. Useful for springs. Memory: ‘Hooke pulls back proportionally’.
胡克定律 – 在比例极限内，伸长量与荷载成正比：F = kx。弹簧的回复特性，助记：胡克“拉”得均匀。
Stress (σ) – Force per unit cross-sectional area, σ = F / A. Units: N m⁻² or Pa. Think of ‘stress pressing on area’.
应力 (σ) – 单位截面积上的力，σ = F / A，单位帕斯卡。记忆：应力即“压”力面积比。
Strain (ε) – Extension per unit length, ε = ΔL / L₀, dimensionless. Imagine ‘strain stretches a sample’.
应变 (ε) – 单位原长的伸长量，ε = ΔL / L₀，无量纲。形象：应变让试件“绷”长。
Young Modulus (E) – Ratio of stress to strain in the linear-elastic region, E = σ / ε. Stiffness indicator. E for ‘Elastic slope’.
杨氏模量 (E) – 线弹性区内应力与应变之比，E = σ / ε，表示材料刚度。E 视为弹性斜率。
Specific Heat Capacity (c) – Energy needed to raise 1 kg by 1 K: Q = mcΔθ. Unit: J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. ‘c’ for ‘calorific capacity’.
比热容 (c) – 使1 kg物质升高1 K所需热量：Q = mcΔθ，单位 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹。c 联系 calorie。
Latent Heat (L) – Energy absorbed/released during phase change without temperature change: Q = mL. Latent = ‘hidden’.
潜热 (L) – 相变时吸收或释放的热量，而温度不变：Q = mL。潜热即“隐藏”的热。
First Law of Thermodynamics – ΔU = Q − W. Internal energy change equals heat added minus work done by system. Memory: ‘You gain when heat in, lose when work out’.
热力学第一定律 – ΔU = Q − W，内能变化等于吸热减对外做功。记忆：吸热增内能，做功减内能。
3. Waves & Wave Phenomena | 波与波动现象
Amplitude (A) – Maximum displacement from equilibrium. Larger amplitude means more energy. Think: ‘Amplitude is the wave’s height’.
振幅 (A) – 离开平衡位置的最大位移，振幅越大能量越大。形象为波峰高度。
Wavelength (λ) – Distance between adjacent crests or any two in-phase points. Use ‘lambda = length of one full wave’.
波长 (λ) – 相邻波峰或两同相点间的距离。λ 勾勒一个完整波的长度。
Frequency (f) – Number of oscillations per second, unit hertz (Hz). f = 1/T. High pitch = high f.
频率 (f) – 每秒振动次数，单位赫兹，f = 1/T。高频对应高音。
Wave speed (v) – v = fλ. Depends on medium. Remember: ‘velocity = frequency times length of one wave’.
波速 (v) – v = fλ，取决于介质。公式直接关联频率和波长。
Phase Difference – Fraction of a cycle two waves are out of step, in radians or degrees. In-phase = 0, anti-phase = π rad.
相位差 – 两波不同步的程度，以弧度或度表示。同相为0，反相为 π rad。
Superposition – When waves meet, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of individual displacements. Principle of interference.
叠加 – 波相遇时，合位移等于各波位移的矢量和。干涉现象的基础。
Standing Wave – Formed by interference of two identical travelling waves in opposite directions. Has nodes and antinodes. ‘Standing because it doesn’t travel’.
驻波 – 两列相同、反向传播的波干涉而成，具有波节和波腹。“驻”即不向前传播。
Diffraction – Wave spreading when passing through an aperture or around an obstacle. Most noticeable if gap ≈ λ. ‘Diffraction diverges at edges’.
衍射 – 波通过缝隙或绕过障碍物时扩展的现象；缝宽与波长相近时明显。“衍射”音似“绕射”。
4. Optics & Light | 光学与光
Refractive Index (n) – n = sin i / sin r = c / v. Describes how much light slows in a medium. ‘n’ for ‘number that bends’.
折射率 (n) – n = sin i / sin r = c / v，表示光在介质中减慢的程度。n 值越大，光线弯折越厉害。
Critical Angle (θ_c) – Angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs. sin θ_c = 1/n. ‘Critical = no transmission’.
临界角 (θ_c) – 入射角超过此值时发生全内反射，sin θ_c = 1/n。临界即“恰好透不过去”。
Total Internal Reflection – When light reflects entirely within a denser medium if angle > critical. Used in fibre optics. TIR = trapped inside.
全内反射 – 光在光密介质中入射角大于临界角时全部反射的现象，光纤通信的核心。光被完全“囚禁”。
Focal Length (f) – Distance from lens to principal focus. Thin lens formula: 1/f = 1/u + 1/v. ‘f’ for focus distance.
焦距 (f) – 透镜到主焦点的距离。薄透镜公式：1/f = 1/u + 1/v。f 即焦点距离。
Real vs Virtual Image – Real image can be projected onto a screen; virtual image cannot. ‘Real is on the screen’.
实像与虚像 – 实像可投在屏幕上，虚像不能。实像“实在”屏上可见。
Diffraction Grating – Many parallel slits producing sharp maxima at nλ = d sin θ. Grating creates spectra. ‘Grating = many slits, sharper bands’.
衍射光栅 – 大量平行狭缝，满足 nλ = d sin θ 时出射极大。光栅产生清晰光谱，“栅”多缝·锐条纹。
Polarisation – Restricting wave oscillations to a single plane. Only transverse waves can be polarised. ‘Polaroid filters align vibrations’.
偏振 – 将波的振动限制于单一平面。只有横波可偏振。偏振片如同“栅栏”规整振动。
5. Electricity & DC Circuits | 电流与直流电路
Electric Current (I) – Rate of flow of charge, I = ΔQ / Δt, unit ampere (A). Conventional current flows from + to −. ‘Current is charge per second’.
电流 (I) – 电荷流动率，I = ΔQ / Δt，单位安培。惯例方向从正到负。
Potential Difference (V) – Energy transferred per unit charge: V = W / Q. Drives current. Memo: ‘Voltage pushes coulombs’.
电势差 (电压, V) – 单位电荷转移的能量：V = W / Q。电压推动电荷，“伏特”即每个库仑的焦耳数。
Resistance (R) – Opposition to current, R = V / I, unit ohm (Ω). Ohm’s Law holds for ohmic conductors. ‘Resistance resists flow’.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍，R = V / I，单位欧姆。欧姆定律适用于欧姆导体。电阻如同管道中的窄口。
Resistivity (ρ) – Intrinsic property affecting resistance: R = ρL / A. Metals have low ρ. ‘ρ links material to R’.
电阻率 (ρ) – 决定电阻的材料固有属性：R = ρL / A。金属的 ρ 值小。ρ 如同材料的“阻碍系数”。
Kirchhoff’s Current Law – Sum of currents entering a junction = sum leaving. Charge conserved. ‘What flows in must flow out’.
基尔霍夫电流定律 – 流入节点的电流总和等于流出总和。电荷守恒。“入必等于出”。
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law – Σ emf = Σ pd around any closed loop. Energy conserved. ‘Loop sum of voltages is zero’.
基尔霍夫电压定律 – 闭合回路中电动势总和等于电压降总和。能量守恒。“绕一圈电压升降相抵”。
Electromotive Force (emf, ε) – Energy supplied per unit charge by a source. ε = I(R + r). ’emf is the source’s total push’.
电动势 (ε) – 电源提供的单位电荷能量，ε = I(R + r)。电动势是电源“总推力”。
6. Fields: Gravitational & Electric | 引力场与电场
Gravitational Field Strength (g) – Force per unit mass: g = F/m, N kg⁻¹. Near Earth: g ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹. ‘g tells how strong gravity is’.
引力场强 (g) – 单位质量的力，g = F/m，单位 N kg⁻¹。地球表面约 9.81 N kg⁻¹。
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation – F = G m₁ m₂ / r². Attractive force between point masses. G is very small. ‘Gravity weak but universal’.
牛顿万有引力定律 – F = G m₁ m₂ / r²，质点间的吸引力。G 极小，引力虽弱却普适。
Electric Field Strength (E) – Force per unit positive charge: E = F/q, N C⁻¹ or V m⁻¹. Uniform field: E = V/d. ‘E tells how hard the field pushes a + charge’.
电场强度 (E) – 单位正电荷所受的力，E = F/q，单位 N C⁻¹ 或 V m⁻¹。匀强电场 E = V/d。
Coulomb’s Law – F = k Q₁ Q₂ / r², similar shape to gravitation. Between point charges. ‘Like charges repel, opposites attract’.
库仑定律 – F = k Q₁ Q₂ / r²，形式与万有引力定律相似。同号相斥，异号相吸。
Electric Potential (V) – Work done per unit charge in bringing a small positive test charge from infinity. Scalar. ‘Potential is electrical height’.
电势 (V) – 将单位正电荷从无穷远处移来所做的功，是标量。电势可比作“电的高度”。
Electronvolt (eV) – Energy gained when an electron moves through 1 V: 1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. Handy for particle energies.
电子伏特 (eV) – 一个电子经过1伏电势差获得的能量，1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J。适用于微观粒子能量。
7. Magnetism & Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Magnetic Flux Density (B) – Strength of a magnetic field, measured in tesla (T). Defined via F = BIl sin θ. ‘B is the magnetic push per unit current-length’.
磁通密度 (B) – 磁场强弱，单位特斯拉 (T)，由 F = BIl sin θ 定义。B 体现磁场对电流的力。
Magnetic Flux (Φ) – Φ = BA cos θ, unit weber (Wb). Product of B and perpendicular area. ‘Flux is field lines threading through area’.
磁通量 (Φ) – Φ = BA cos θ，单位韦伯。B 与垂直面积之积。磁通量即穿过面积的磁感线数。
Faraday’s Law of Induction – Induced emf equals rate of change of magnetic flux linkage: ε = −N dΦ/dt. ‘Change in flux creates voltage’.
法拉第电磁感应定律 – 感生电动势等于磁链变化率的负值：ε = −N dΦ/dt。磁通变化产生电压。
Lenz’s Law – Direction of induced emf opposes the
Published by TutorHao | Pre-U Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply