📚 Pre-U CIE French: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Manual | Pre-U CIE 法语:公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide distils the core grammatical structures tested in the Cambridge Pre-U French syllabus into a set of reliable ‘formulas’. Treat each pattern as a theorem: once memorised and understood, it will unlock correct sentence construction across all papers, from reading and writing to the oral examination. The guide covers the essential rules for nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, negatives, interrogatives, relative clauses, and the subjunctive, presented with clarity and precision.
这份速查手册将剑桥 Pre-U 法语大纲中的核心语法结构提炼为一套可靠的“公式”。请把每个模式看作一条定理:一旦熟记并理解,就能在所有试卷中——从阅读写作到口语考试——搭建正确的句子。本手册涵盖名词、形容词、动词、代词、否定、疑问、关系从句和虚拟式等关键规则,表述清晰且精确。
1. Noun Gender & Article Selection | 名词性别与冠词选择
French nouns are either masculine or feminine. The formula for the definite article is: masculine singular le (l’ before a vowel or mute h), feminine singular la (l’ before vowel or mute h), plural les. Indefinite articles: un (m.), une (f.), des (plural). Partitive articles (some/any) use du (m.), de la (f.), de l’ (before vowel), des (plural). Note that after a negative and after expressions of quantity, the partitive reduces to de or d’.
法语名词分阳性和阴性。定冠词的公式为:阳性单数 le(元音或哑音 h 前用 l’),阴性单数 la(元音或哑音 h 前用 l’),复数 les。不定冠词:un(阳),une(阴),des(复数)。部分冠词(一些/任何)使用 du(阳),de la(阴),de l’(元音前),des(复数)。注意:在否定句和数量表达之后,部分冠词缩合为 de 或 d’。
- General rule: le livre (m.), la table (f.), l’ami (m.), l’amie (f.)
- 一般规律:le livre(书,阳),la table(桌子,阴),l’ami(朋友,阳),l’amie(朋友,阴)
- Partitive example: Je mange du pain. → Je ne mange pas de pain.
- 部分冠词示例:我吃(一些)面包。→ 我不吃面包。
2. Adjective Agreement Formula | 形容词性数配合公式
The fundamental rule: the adjective agrees in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun it modifies. The general formula for forming the feminine is to add -e to the masculine form: grand → grande. If the masculine already ends in -e, the feminine is identical: triste → triste. Irregular patterns must be memorised as separate theorems, e.g. -er → -ère (cher → chère), -f → -ve (actif → active), -eux → -euse (heureux → heureuse). Plural is normally formed by adding -s, or -x for nouns/adjectives ending in -eau, -eu, -al (→ -aux).
基本规则:形容词须与所修饰的名词在性(阳/阴)和数(单/复)上配合。构成阴性的一般公式是在阳性形式后加 -e:grand → grande。如果阳性本身以 -e 结尾,阴性形式相同:triste → triste。不规则变化需作为独立定理记忆,如 -er → -ère(cher → chère),-f → -ve(actif → active),-eux → -euse(heureux → heureuse)。复数通常加 -s,以 -eau, -eu, -al 结尾的加 -x(-al 变 -aux)。
| Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| grand | grande | grands | grandes |
| beau | belle | beaux | belles |
| triste | triste | tristes | tristes |
3. Present Tense Conjugation Blueprint | 现在时变位蓝图
Regular -ER, -IR, and -RE verbs follow precise stem+ending formulas. For -ER verbs (e.g. parler): remove -er → stem parl-, then add endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For -IR verbs (e.g. finir): stem fin- + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -RE verbs (e.g. vendre): stem vend- + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent. Irregular verbs must be learned by heart, but many can be grouped (e.g. -dre verbs, -uire verbs). The key formula remains: subject pronoun + conjugated verb stem + appropriate ending.
规则 -ER、-IR 和 -RE 动词遵循精确的“词干+词尾”公式。-ER 动词(如 parler):去掉 -er 得词干 parl-,然后加词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。-IR 动词(如 finir):词干 fin- + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。-RE 动词(如 vendre):词干 vend- + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent。不规则动词需熟记,但许多可归类(如 -dre、-uire 类动词)。核心公式始终是:主语代词 + 变位后的动词词干 + 对应词尾。
Parler: je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent
4. Key Past Tenses: Passé Composé Formula | 关键过去时:复合过去时公式
The passé composé is formed with an auxiliary verb (avoir or être) in the present tense + the past participle. The choice of auxiliary follows a strict theorem: most transitive verbs use avoir; a closed set of intransitive verbs of motion and state (DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP) use être, and the past participle then agrees with the subject. The past participle formation: -ER verbs → -é, -IR verbs → -i, -RE verbs → -u (with many irregulars). Reflexive verbs always take être, and the participle agrees with the preceding direct object if it precedes the verb.
复合过去时由助动词(avoir 或 être)的现在时 + 过去分词构成。助动词的选择遵循严格定理:大多数及物动词用 avoir;一组封闭的运动和状态不及物动词(DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP)用 être,此时过去分词须与主语性数配合。过去分词构成:-ER 动词 → -é,-IR 动词 → -i,-RE 动词 → -u(大量不规则形式)。代动词始终用 être,分词须与前置直接宾语配合(若宾语在动词前)。
- Formula with avoir: J’ai mangé une pomme. → Je l’ai mangée (agreement with preceding direct object ‘la’).
- 用 avoir 的公式:我吃了一个苹果。→ 我把它吃了(与前置直接宾语 ‘la’ 配合)。
- Formula with être: Elle est allée à Paris. (agreement with subject ‘elle’)
- 用 être 的公式:她去了巴黎。(与主语 ‘elle’ 配合)
5. Imperfect vs. Passé Composé: Context Formulas | 未完成过去时与复合过去时:语境公式
The imperfect (imparfait) describes ongoing, habitual, or descriptive past actions. Its formation is regular: take the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, drop -ons, add endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. The passé composé expresses completed, punctual actions. A narrative often weaves the two: the imperfect sets the scene (formula: quand + imparfait for background), and the passé composé marks the event (formula: soudain / tout à coup + passé composé).
未完成过去时(imparfait)描述持续、习惯性或描写性的过去动作。构成有规律:取现在时 nous 形式,去掉 -ons,加词尾:-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。复合过去时表达完成的、点状的动作。叙述常将两者交织:未完成过去时设置背景(公式:quand + imparfait 表背景),复合过去时标记事件(公式:soudain / tout à coup + passé composé)。
Quand il pleuvait, je suis sorti. (It was raining when I went out.)
6. Future and Conditional: Stem + Ending Rules | 将来时与条件式:词干+词尾规则
The simple future (futur simple) is built on the infinitive (minus final -e for -RE verbs) + endings: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. Irregular stems must be memorised (être → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, etc.). The conditional present uses the same irregular stems as the future but adds the imperfect endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). This ‘future stem + imperfect endings’ formula creates the equivalent of ‘would + verb’.
简单将来时(futur simple)以动词不定式(-RE 动词去掉末尾 -e)为基础,加词尾:-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。不规则词干须熟记(être → ser-,avoir → aur-,aller → ir-,faire → fer- 等)。条件式现在时使用与将来时相同的不规则词干,但加未完成过去时的词尾(-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)。这一“将来词干 + 未完成词尾”的公式创造出“would + 动词”的等效表达。
Je parlerai, tu finiras, il aura, nous serions, vous feriez.
7. Pronoun Placement Formula | 代词位置公式
Object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les) and reflexive pronouns are placed directly before the conjugated verb, except in positive imperatives where they follow and are attached with a hyphen. The order of multiple pronouns follows a strict sequence: (me/te/se/nous/vous) before (le/la/les) before (lui/leur) before (y) before (en). In compound tenses, pronouns precede the auxiliary. The formula for affirmative imperatives: verb + pronoun + hyphen (Donne-le-moi!).
宾语代词(me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les)和自反代词直接放在变位动词之前,但在肯定命令式中,它们跟在动词后面并用连字符连接。多个代词的顺序遵循严格序列:(me/te/se/nous/vous)在(le/la/les)前,然后(lui/leur),再是(y),最后(en)。在复合时态中,代词置于助动词前。肯定命令式的公式:动词 + 代词 + 连字符(Donne-le-moi!)。
- Normal: Je le lui donne. (I give it to him.)
- 平常句序:我把它给他。
- Imperative: Donne-le-lui ! (Give it to him!)
- 命令式:把它给他!
8. Negation Formula | 否定结构公式
The basic negation wraps around the conjugated verb: ne + verb + pas. In compound tenses, ne … pas encloses the auxiliary: je n’ai pas mangé. When an infinitive is negated, both parts precede the infinitive: ne pas manger. Other negative expressions replace ‘pas’ in the same structural slot: ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (nobody – note personne follows the past participle or infinitive), ne … que (only). The formula is always: subject + ne + verb (or auxiliary) + negative word + past participle/infinitive.
基本否定将变位动词包围:ne + 动词 + pas。在复合时态中,ne … pas 包围助动词:je n’ai pas mangé。否定不定式时,两部分均置于不定式之前:ne pas manger。其他否定表达在同一结构槽中取代 ‘pas’:ne … jamais(从不),ne … plus(不再),ne … rien(没有什么),ne … personne(没有人——注意 personne 跟在过去分词或不定式后),ne … que(仅仅)。公式始终是:主语 + ne + 动词(或助动词) + 否定词 + 过去分词/不定式。
Je n’ai rien vu. / Elle ne mange plus de viande.
9. Interrogative Constructions | 疑问句式公式
Three main ways to ask a question: (1) Inversion of subject and verb, the most formal formula: verb + subject pronoun + hyphen (Parle-t-il français ?). Add -t- between vowels. (2) Est-ce que + statement: ‘Est-ce que vous parlez anglais ?’ (3) Rising intonation, informal: ‘Vous parlez anglais ?’ For negative questions, ne goes before the verb and pas follows the subject pronoun in inversion: ‘Ne parlez-vous pas français ?’ Interrogative adverbs (où, quand, comment, pourquoi) can be placed before est-ce que or at the end.
提问的三种主要方式:(1)主谓倒装,最正式的公式:动词 + 主语代词 + 连字符(Parle-t-il français ?)。元音间加 -t-。(2)Est-ce que + 陈述句:’Est-ce que vous parlez anglais ?’(3)升调,非正式:’Vous parlez anglais ?’ 否定疑问句在倒装中 ne 在动词前,pas 在主语代词后:’Ne parlez-vous pas français ?’ 疑问副词(où, quand, comment, pourquoi)可放在 est-ce que 之前或句末。
- Inversion: Où vas-tu ?
- 倒装:你去哪里?
- Est-ce que: Qu’est-ce que tu fais ?
- 用 est-ce que:你在干什么?
10. Relative Pronouns and Clause Connectors | 关系代词与从句连接词
Relative pronouns link a main clause to a subordinate clause. The basic formula: qui = subject, que = direct object, dont = object of de (whose, of which), où = place or time. After a preposition, lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles is used, combining with à and de (auquel, duquel, etc.). For composite relative pronouns, use ce qui (what – subject), ce que (what – object), ce dont (what … of). These formulas ensure precise reference, vital for sophisticated Pre-U writing.
关系代词连接主句和从句。基本公式:qui = 主语,que = 直接宾语,dont = 由 de 引导的宾语(谁的,关于…的),où = 地点或时间。在介词之后用 lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles,与 à 和 de 缩合(auquel, duquel 等)。复合关系代词使用 ce qui(…的东西—作主语),ce que(…的东西—作宾语),ce dont(…的东西—de 宾语)。这些公式确保指代精确,对高水平的 Pre-U 写作至关重要。
La femme qui parle est ma mère. Le livre que je lis est intéressant. Ce dont j’ai besoin est ici.
11. Subjunctive Mood Triggers | 虚拟式触发条件
The subjunctive is not a tense but a mood used in dependent clauses after certain expressions. Formula: que + subjunctive. Triggers include: expressions of necessity (il faut que), desire (vouloir que), emotion (être content que), doubt (douter que), possibility (il est possible que), and certain conjunctions (bien que, pour que, avant que, jusqu’à ce que). The subjunctive present is formed by taking the ‘ils’ form of the present indicative, dropping -ent, and adding endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. Irregular stems (être → soi-, avoir → ai-, aller → aill-, faire → fass-, pouvoir → puiss-) follow the same endings.
虚拟式不是时态而是一种语式,用于特定表达后的从句。公式:que + 虚拟式。触发条件包括:必要性表达(il faut que)、愿望(vouloir que)、情感(être content que)、怀疑(douter que)、可能性(il est possible que)以及特定连词(bien que, pour que, avant que, jusqu’à ce que)。虚拟式现在时由直陈式现在时 ils 形式去掉 -ent,加词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent。不规则词干(être → soi-,avoir → ai-,aller → aill-,faire → fass-,pouvoir → puiss-)遵循相同词尾。
- Il faut que tu fasses attention. (It is necessary that you pay attention.)
- 你必须注意。
- Bien qu’il soit tard, je travaille. (Although it is late, I am working.)
- 虽然很晚了,我还在工作。
12. Quick Reference Table of Key Formulas | 关键公式速查表
The following table summarises the most high-yield structural patterns for the Pre-U examination. Mastery of these will equip you to handle grammar transformation exercises, essays, and oral production with confidence.
下表总结了 Pre-U 考试中高频出现的结构模式。精通这些将帮助你自信地应对语法转换练习、论文和口语输出。
| Structure | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Immediate future | aller (present) + infinitive | Je vais sortir. |
| Recent past | venir de (present) + infinitive | Je viens de finir. |
| Comparative | plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que | plus intéressant que |
| Superlative | le/la/les + plus/moins + adjective + de | la plus belle du monde |
| Passive voice | être + past participle (agreement) | La lettre a été écrite. |
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