Pre-U CIE Psychology: Key Terms & Mnemonics Guide | Pre-U CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Pre-U CIE Psychology: Key Terms & Mnemonics Guide | Pre-U CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Building a strong psychological vocabulary is the foundation for top marks in Pre-U CIE Psychology. This guide organises essential terms by topic and pairs each one with a memorable mnemonic or quick link, helping you internalise definitions, evaluate theories, and ace Paper 1–4 questions.

建立扎实的心理学词汇库是取得 Pre-U CIE 心理学高分的基础。本指南按主题梳理必背术语，并为每个术语配上一个易记口诀或快速联想，帮助你内化概念、批判理论，从容应对试卷1至4。

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1. Cognitive Psychology | 认知心理学

Multi-Store Model (MSM) – Atkinson & Shiffrin’s architecture with sensory register, short-term store (STS) and long-term store (LTS). Rehearsal transfers information. Mnemonic: ‘SSL’ – Sensory to Short to Long.

多存储模型 (MSM) – 阿特金森与谢夫林的结构，包含感觉登记、短时存储(STS)和长时存储(LTS)。复述负责信息转移。速记：‘SSL’ – 感觉(S) → 短时(S) → 长时(L)。

Working Memory Model (WMM) – Baddeley & Hitch’s system with central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer. Think ‘CE + 3 slave systems’: C-E, P-L, V-S, E-B.

工作记忆模型 (WMM) – 巴德利与希奇的系统，包含中央执行器、语音回路、视空画板和情节缓冲器。记法：‘一个老板+三个助手’：中央执行器、语音、视空、情节。

Reconstructive memory – Bartlett’s idea that memory is an active process influenced by schemas, not a passive recording. Mnemonic: ‘Schema Slice’ – schemas reshape recall like slicing and rearranging a cake.

重构记忆 – 巴特利特的主张：记忆是受图式影响的主动过程，并非被动记录。速记：‘图式切蛋糕’ – 图式像切蛋糕一样重塑回忆。

Eyewitness testimony (EWT) – Loftus demonstrated how leading questions and post-event information can distort memory. Link: ‘Leading = misleading‘ – a leading question leads memory astray.

目击证词 (EWT) – 洛夫特斯证实诱导性问题和事后信息会扭曲记忆。联想：‘诱导 = 误导’ – 诱导性问题把记忆带偏。

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2. Social Psychology | 社会心理学

Conformity – Yielding to group pressure; types: compliance (public only), identification (temporary membership), internalisation (private acceptance). Mnemonic: ‘CII’ – Compliance, Identification, Internalisation (think ‘see-eye-eye’).

从众 – 屈服于群体压力；类型：顺从(仅公开)、认同(暂时归属)、内化(私下接纳)。速记：‘CII’ – 顺从、认同、内化 (念作“see eye eye”)。

Obedience – Milgram’s agentic state theory: people obey when they see themselves as agents carrying out another’s will. Mnemonic: ‘Agent O’ – in obedience you become an agent Ordered.

服从 – 米尔格拉姆的代理人状态理论：当个体视自己为执行他人意志的代理人时会服从。速记：‘Agent O’ – 服从即成为被命令的代理人 O。

Social Identity Theory (SIT) – Tajfel: in-group favouritism and out-group derogation arise from mere categorisation. Three steps: categorisation → identification → comparison. Mnemonic: ‘CIC’ – Categorise, Identify, Compare.

社会认同理论 (SIT) – 塔杰菲尔：仅凭分类就能产生内群体偏爱和外群体贬损。三步：分类 → 认同 → 比较。速记：‘CIC’ – 分、认、比。

Deindividuation – Loss of self-awareness in crowds, leading to disinhibited behaviour (Zimbardo). Mnemonic: ‘Crowd Cloak’ – the crowd cloaks your identity.

去个体化 – 在人群中丧失自我意识，导致行为去抑制(津巴多)。速记：‘人群披风’ – 人群像披风一样掩盖你的身份。

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3. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学

Attachment – A strong emotional bond; Ainsworth’s strange situation revealed types: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant. Mnemonic: ‘SAIR’ – Secure, Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant.

依恋 – 强烈的情感纽带；安斯沃思的陌生情境揭示了安全型、不安全回避型、不安全反抗型。速记：‘SAIR’ – 安全、回避、反抗。

Sensorimotor stage – Piaget’s first stage (0–2 years): object permanence develops. Mnemonic: ‘Senso-Moto-ObPer’ – Sensorimotor = Motor skills + Object Permanence.

感觉运动阶段 – 皮亚杰第一阶段(0–2岁)：客体永久性发展。速记：‘感-动-客永’ – 感觉运动=运动技能+客体永久性。

Conservation – Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (concrete operational stage). Mnemonic: ‘Conserve the clay’ – squeezing clay doesn’t change amount.

守恒 – 理解形状改变但数量不变(具体运算阶段)。速记：‘守恒的黏土’ – 捏黏土不改变总量。

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) – Vygotsky: gap between what a learner can do alone and with help. Mnemonic: ‘ZPD = Scaffolding Gap’ – the zone where a peer or adult scaffolds.

最近发展区 (ZPD) – 维果茨基：学习者独立与协助完成之间的差距。速记：‘ZPD = 支架区’ – 同伴或成人提供支架的区域。

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4. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学

Localisation of function – Specific brain areas control specific functions; e.g. Broca’s area (speech production), Wernicke’s area (comprehension). Mnemonic: ‘Broca’s Broken speech, Wernicke’s Word salad’.

功能定位 – 特定脑区控制特定功能；例如布罗卡区(言语产生)、韦尼克区(言语理解)。速记：‘布罗卡 Broken, 韦尼克 Word salad’。

fMRI – functional magnetic resonance imaging; measures blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal indirectly reflecting neural activity. Link: ‘fMRI = function + MRI, maps active blood’.

fMRI – 功能性磁共振成像；通过血氧水平依赖(BOLD)信号间接测量神经活动。联想：‘f = 功能，像给活动的血管画地图’。

Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers: serotonin (mood, sleep), dopamine (reward, motivation). Mnemonic: ‘Serene tone = serotonin; Dope-a-mine = dopamine gives a “dope” hit.’

神经递质 – 化学信使：血清素(情绪、睡眠)、多巴胺(奖赏、动机)。速记：‘血清素让你Serene(宁静)；多巴胺让你“dope”(兴奋)’。

Circadian rhythm – A roughly 24-hour biological clock; Siffre’s cave study demonstrated an endogenous pacemaker. Mnemonic: ‘Circa-day rhythm – near 24 h, like a day in a cave.’

昼夜节律 – 约24小时的生物钟；西弗雷的洞穴研究证明了内源性起搏器。速记：‘Circa=大约，一圈一天’。

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5. Individual Differences & Abnormal Psychology | 个体差异与变态心理学

Deviation from social norms – A definition of abnormality: behaviour that violates unwritten societal rules. Mnemonic: ‘Norms = Normal, break norms = abnormal’.

偏离社会常模 – 异常定义：违反不成文社会规则的行为。速记：‘常模=正常，破模=异常’。

Failure to function adequately – Rosenhan & Seligman: maladaptive behaviour, personal distress, observer discomfort. Seven features can be remembered as ‘MAD PIPE’ (Maladaptiveness, Atypical, Distress, Personal suffering, Irrational, Predictability loss, Examiner discomfort).

功能失调 – 罗森汉与塞利格曼：适应不良、个人困扰、观察者不适。七个特征用‘MAD PIPE’记忆(适应不良、非典型、困扰、个人痛苦、非理性、不可预测、观察者不适)。

DSM-5 – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, American classification; ICD-11 – International Classification of Diseases, WHO. Mnemonic: ‘DSM States (US), ICD is International’.

DSM-5 – 《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》美国分类；ICD-11 – 《国际疾病分类》世卫组织。速记：‘DSM 美国，ICD 国际’。

Systematic desensitisation – A behavioural therapy for phobias: hierarchy construction, relaxation training, gradual exposure. Mnemonic: ‘SD steps = Relax, Hierarchy, Image, Real’ (RHIR).

系统脱敏 – 恐惧症的行为疗法：建立焦虑等级、放松训练、逐级暴露。速记：‘SD 四步 – 放松-分级-想象-真实’。

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6. Learning Theories & Behaviourism | 学习理论与行为主义

Classical conditioning – Pavlov: unconditioned stimulus (US) → unconditioned response (UR); US + neutral stimulus (NS) → conditioned stimulus (CS) → conditioned response (CR). Mnemonic: ‘Before: US-UR; After: CS-CR; Bell = CS → drool = CR’.

经典条件作用 – 巴甫洛夫：无条件刺激(US)→无条件反应(UR)；US+中性刺激(NS)→条件刺激(CS)→条件反应(CR)。速记：‘前：US-UR；后：CS-CR；铃声=CS，唾液=CR’。

Operant conditioning – Skinner: positive reinforcement (+R), negative reinforcement (-R), punishment (+P/-P). Keep straight: reinforcement increases behaviour; punishment decreases it. Mnemonic: ‘R = Rise, P = Punish decreases’.

操作性条件作用 – 斯金纳：正强化(+R)、负强化(-R)、惩罚(+P/-P)。强化增加行为，惩罚减少行为。速记：‘R=上升，P=惩罚下降’。

Social Learning Theory (SLT) – Bandura: learning via observation, imitation, and modelling, mediated by attention, retention, reproduction, motivation (ARRM). Mnemonic: ‘ARRM your behaviour – Attention, Retain, Reproduce, Motivate.’

社会学习理论(SLT) – 班杜拉：通过观察、模仿和榜样学习，中介过程为注意、保持、动作再现和动机(ARRM)。速记：‘ARRM 武装行为 – 注意→保持→再现→动机’。

Vicarious reinforcement – Observing someone being rewarded increases the likelihood of imitating that behaviour. Mnemonic: ‘Vicarious = watching victory; if they win, you want in.’

替代强化 – 观察到他人被奖赏会增加模仿该行为的可能。速记：‘替代=看到他人胜利(Victory)，你也想参与’。

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7. Research Methods & Statistics | 研究方法与统计

IV and DV – Independent variable (manipulated) and dependent variable (measured). Mnemonic: ‘I change, D depends’.

自变项与依变项 – 自变项(IV,操纵)和依变项(DV,测量)。速记：‘我变(I)，它依(D)’。

Experimental designs: Independent groups (different participants per condition), repeated measures (same participants), matched pairs. Mnemonic: ‘I-R-M’ – Independent, Repeated, Matched. Remember: Independent = two separate groups.

实验设计：独立组(不同被试)、重复测量(相同被试)、配对组。速记：‘I-R-M’ – 独立、重复、配对。独立就是两组不同人。

Reliability – consistency; Validity – accuracy. Mnemonic: ‘Reliable ruler gives same length; Valid ruler measures actual length.’

信度 – 一致性；效度 – 准确性。速记：‘可信的尺子量出相同值；有效的尺子量出真值。’

p-value – Probability that results are due to chance; typically p < 0.05 is significant. Mnemonic: 'p < 0.05 → Don’t survive if p is higher than five' (results survive if p is below 5 %).

p值 – 结果由机遇所致的概率；通常 p < 0.05 显著。速记：‘p < 0.05 才活命；高于5%就拜拜’。

Correlation coefficient (r) – Ranges -1 to +1; tells direction and strength. Mnemonic: ‘r runs from minus one to plus one, zero means none.’

相关系数 (r) – 范围 -1 到 +1；表示方向与强度。速记：‘r 从负一到正一，零是无关系’。

Ethical guidelines: BPS code – consent, deception, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm. Use ‘C-D-D-R-C-P’ mnemonic: ‘Consent, Deception, Debrief, Right to withdraw, Confidentiality, Protection’.

伦理准则：BPS守则 – 知情同意、避免欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密、保护免受伤害。速记：‘C-D-D-R-C-P’ – 同意、欺、释、退、密、护。

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8. Key Command Terms & Exam Mnemonics | 关键指令词与考试速记

Describe – Give a detailed account. Think ‘D for Detail’.

描述 (Describe) – 给出详细陈述。记法：‘D 是 Detail’。

Evaluate – Judge strengths and weaknesses, often using GRAVE: Generalisability, Reliability, Application, Validity, Ethics. Mnemonic: ‘E for GRAVE evaluation’.

评价 (Evaluate) – 判断优缺点，常用 GRAVE 框架：普遍性、信度、应用、效度、伦理。速记：‘Evaluate = GRAVE 坟场评’。

Discuss – Present both sides, often with research support. Think ‘D-I-S-C’ – Describe, Issues, Strengths, Criticisms.

讨论 (Discuss) – 呈现正反双方，通常带研究证据。记法：‘DISC’ – 描述、议题、优势、批评。

Compare – Identify similarities AND differences. Use a ‘Sim Diff’ table in your mind.

比较 (Compare) – 找出相似与差异。脑海画‘Sim-Diff’表格。

Justify – Give evidence to support a decision or conclusion. Link ‘J for Just-ify with proof’.

论证 (Justify) – 提供证据支持决定或结论。联想‘Just-ify = 用证据证明’。

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9. Ethical Guidelines & Real-World Links | 伦理指南与现实联结

Informed consent – Participants must know what they are agreeing to. Mnemonic: ‘Sign to say “I know” – informed = in-the-know.’

知情同意 – 参与者必须知晓并同意。速记：‘知情 = 知之而签’。

Debriefing – After the study, participants are told full aims and offered help. Mnemonic: ‘Debrief = de-mystify after the brief.’

事后解释 (Debriefing) – 研究后告知完整目的并提供帮助。速记：‘Debrief = 解谜’。

Right to withdraw – Participants can leave at any time without penalty. Mnemonic: ‘Withdraw like a bank; your data is your currency.’

退出权 – 参与者可随时无代价退出。速记：‘退出如取款，数据是你的货币’。

Protection from psychological and physical harm – Researcher must ensure no greater harm than everyday life. Mnemonic: ‘Harm guard = Home-like guard.’

保护免受心理与身体伤害 – 研究者必须确保不造成超出日常生活的伤害。速记：‘伤害防线 = 如家般安全’。

Confidentiality – Data is anonymised; names are not linked. Mnemonic: ‘Con-fi-den-tial – carefully hide your identity.’

保密性 – 数据匿名；姓名不关联。速记：‘保密 = 藏起身份’。

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