AQA International AS Physics Data and Formula Booklet | AQA国际AS物理数据与公式手册

📚 AQA International AS Physics Data and Formula Booklet | AQA国际AS物理数据与公式手册

The AQA International AS Physics (9630) Data and Formula Booklet is an essential companion for every exam paper. It provides the standard constants, unit prefixes, and key equations you need to apply in AS Paper 1 and Paper 2. Using the booklet effectively can save time and reduce memorisation errors.

AQA国际AS物理（9630）数据与公式手册是每份考试试卷的重要配套材料。它提供了标准常数、单位前缀以及AS试卷1和试卷2中需要应用的关键公式。有效使用该手册可以节省时间并减少记忆错误。

This article explains the main data and formulas found in the booklet, how to interpret them, and how to apply them confidently in calculations. It focuses on the AS-level content required for the AQA International specification.

本文将解释手册中的主要数据和公式、如何理解它们，以及如何在计算中自信地应用。内容聚焦于AQA国际考试大纲所要求的AS阶段内容。

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1. What the Booklet Contains | 手册包含什么

The booklet is divided into two main sections: a data section and a formula section. The data section lists fundamental constants, SI prefixes, and conversion factors. The formula section is organised by topic areas such as mechanics, waves, electricity, and quantum phenomena.

该手册分为两个主要部分：数据部分和公式部分。数据部分列出了基本常数、国际单位制前缀和换算系数。公式部分按主题区域编排，如力学、波动、电学和量子现象。

For the international AS qualification, candidates are expected to use the printed constants rather than remembered values. This reduces rounding errors and ensures consistency across different exam sessions.

对于国际AS资格考试，考生应使用手册中给出的常数值，而不是记忆值。这可以减少舍入误差，确保不同考试场次之间的评分一致性。

The version dated 12.04.2018 is labelled as version 2 and is valid for both AS and A-level papers under specification 9630. Always check that you are using the correct booklet for your exam series.

标注日期为2018年4月12日的版本为第二版，适用于9630大纲下的AS和A-level考试。请务必确认你使用的是对应考试系列的准确版本。

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2. Fundamental Constants You Must Know | 必须掌握的基本常数

The data section gives constants to three significant figures. You should use these values directly in calculations. The table below summarises the most important constants for AS Physics.

数据部分给出的常数保留三位有效数字。你应该在计算中直接使用这些数值。下表总结了AS物理中最重要的常数。

Constant | 常数	Symbol | 符号	Value | 数值
Speed of light in vacuum | 真空中光速	c	3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹
Planck constant | 普朗克常数	h	6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s
Elementary charge | 元电荷	e	1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Electron rest mass | 电子静止质量	mₑ	9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Proton rest mass | 质子静止质量	mₚ	1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数	N_A	6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹
Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度	g	9.81 m s⁻²

Notice that the gravitational field strength at the Earth’s surface is given the same symbol g and value as acceleration due to gravity. In AS questions, you may use g = 9.81 m s⁻² unless told otherwise.

请注意，地球表面的重力场强度与重力加速度使用相同的符号g和数值。在AS题目中，除非另有说明，你都可以使用g = 9.81 m s⁻²。

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3. SI Units and Prefixes | 国际单位制与单位前缀

All equations in AS Physics use SI base units: metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), and mole (mol). The booklet includes a table of unit prefixes so you can convert between very large and very small quantities.

AS物理中的所有公式都使用国际单位制基本单位：米（m）、千克（kg）、秒（s）、安培（A）、开尔文（K）和摩尔（mol）。手册中包含了单位前缀表，以便你在极大和极小量之间进行换算。

Prefix | 前缀	Symbol | 符号	Factor | 倍数
pico | 皮	p	10⁻¹²
nano | 纳	n	10⁻⁹
micro | 微	μ	10⁻⁶
milli | 毫	m	10⁻³
centi | 厘	c	10⁻²
kilo | 千	k	10³
mega | 兆	M	10⁶
giga | 吉	G	10⁹
tera | 太	T	10¹²

Always convert prefixes before substituting numbers into equations. For example, 12 mA must be written as 12 × 10⁻³ A before using Ohm’s law.

在将数字代入公式之前，务必先换算前缀。例如，12 mA必须写成12 × 10⁻³ A后才能使用欧姆定律。

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4. Mechanics: Motion and Forces | 力学：运动与力

The booklet lists four equations of uniformly accelerated motion. They apply only when acceleration a is constant. The four equations are:

手册列出了四个匀加速直线运动方程。它们仅在加速度a恒定时适用。这四个方程为：

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as

s = ½(u + v)t

Here u is initial velocity, v is final velocity, a is acceleration, s is displacement, and t is time. Decide which quantities are known before choosing the correct equation.

这里u为初速度，v为末速度，a为加速度，s为位移，t为时间。在选择正确方程之前，先确定哪些量为已知量。

For forces, Newton’s second law appears as F = ma. Weight is calculated from W = mg, where g is the gravitational field strength. You will often combine these with the motion equations in multi-step problems.

对于力，牛顿第二定律以F = ma的形式出现。重力由W = mg计算得出，其中g为重力场强度。在多步骤问题中，你经常需要将这些与运动方程结合使用。

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5. Momentum, Work, Energy and Power | 动量、功、能量和功率

Momentum is defined as p = mv. The principle of conservation of momentum states that total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after, provided no external force acts. This is a common AS calculation topic.

动量定义为p = mv。动量守恒定律指出，只要没有外力作用，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。这是AS计算中常见的主题。

The impulse of a force is FΔt = Δ(mv). In force-time graphs, impulse equals the area under the graph. Use this idea when a force acts for a very short time.

力的冲量为FΔt = Δ(mv)。在力-时间图像中，冲量等于图像下的面积。当力作用时间非常短时，可以使用这一思路。

Work, energy and power formulas are used across many AS topics. The key equations are:

功、能量和功率公式广泛用于AS各主题。关键公式如下：

W = Fs cosθ

E_k = ½mv²

ΔE_p = mgΔh

P = W / t

P = Fv

In the work equation, θ is the angle between the force and the direction of motion. If the force and motion are in the same direction, cosθ = 1, so W = Fs.

在功的公式中，θ是力与运动方向之间的夹角。如果力与运动方向相同，则cosθ = 1，因此W = Fs。

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6. Materials and Density | 材料与密度

Density is given by ρ = m/V. The symbol ρ is also used for resistivity in electricity, so always check the context of the question.

密度由ρ = m/V给出。符号ρ在电学中也表示电阻率，因此务必根据题目背景进行判断。

For springs and elastic materials, Hooke’s law states F = kΔL, where k is the spring constant and ΔL is the extension. The elastic potential energy stored in a stretched spring is E = ½FΔL or E = ½kΔL².

对于弹簧和弹性材料，胡克定律为F = kΔL，其中k为劲度系数，ΔL为伸长量。拉伸弹簧储存的弹性势能为E = ½FΔL或E = ½kΔL²。

The booklet also defines stress and strain. Stress σ = F/A and strain ε = ΔL/L. Young modulus E is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain: E = (F/A) / (ΔL/L). This applies only within the limit of proportionality.

手册还定义了应力和应变。应力σ = F/A，应变ε = ΔL/L。杨氏模量E为拉应力与拉应变之比：E = (F/A) / (ΔL/L)。该关系仅在比例极限内成立。

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7. Waves and Optics | 波动与光学

The fundamental wave equation is v = fλ, where v is wave speed, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength. For a periodic wave, period T = 1/f.

基本波动方程为v = fλ，其中v为波速，f为频率，λ为波长。对于周期性波动，周期T = 1/f。

For refraction, the refractive index of a medium is n = c/v, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the medium. Snell’s law is given by n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂.

对于折射，介质的折射率为n = c/v，其中c为真空中的光速，v为介质中的光速。斯涅尔定律为n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂。

For diffraction gratings, the equation d sinθ = nλ is used. Here d is the slit spacing, θ is the angle of the n-th order maximum, n is the order number, and λ is the wavelength. Remember to convert d from lines per metre.

对于衍射光栅，使用方程d sinθ = nλ。这里d为缝间距，θ为第n级极大值的角度，n为级数，λ为波长。注意若题目给出每毫米刻线数，需先换算出d。

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8. Electricity and Circuits | 电学与电路

Electric current is defined as I = ΔQ/Δt. Potential difference is V = W/Q. Resistance is R = V/I. These definitions form the basis of most circuit analysis.

电流定义为I = ΔQ/Δt。电势差为V = W/Q。电阻为R = V/I。这些定义构成了大多数电路分析的基础。

Resistivity links resistance to a material’s geometry: ρ = RA/L, where R is resistance, A is cross-sectional area, and L is length. Use this when comparing wires of different dimensions.

电阻率将电阻与材料的几何尺寸联系起来：ρ = RA/L，其中R为电阻，A为横截面积，L为长度。在比较不同尺寸导线时可使用此公式。

Electrical power can be calculated using P = VI, P = I²R, or P = V²/R. Use the form that matches the quantities already known in the problem.

电功率可用P = VI、P = I²R或P = V²/R进行计算。使用与题目中已知量相匹配的形式。

For sources with internal resistance, the emf is ε = I(R + r), where R is the external resistance and r is the internal resistance. This can also be written as ε = V + Ir.

对于具有内阻的电源，电动势为ε = I(R + r)，其中R为外电阻，r为内阻。这也可以写成ε = V + Ir。

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9. Quantum Phenomena and Photons | 量子现象与光子

The energy of a photon is E = hf, where h is the Planck constant. Since c = fλ, this can also be written as E = hc/λ. Use this to calculate photon energies from wavelength or frequency.

光子的能量为E = hf，其中h为普朗克常数。由于c = fλ，这也可以写成E = hc/λ。用该公式可根据波长或频率计算光子能量。

The photoelectric effect is described by hf = Φ + E_k(max), where Φ is the work function and E_k(max) is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. You must express both terms in joules unless the question uses eV consistently.

光电效应由hf = Φ + E_k(max)描述，其中Φ为逸出功，E_k(max)为逸出电子的最大动能。除非题目统一使用电子伏特，否则两项都必须以焦耳表示。

The electronvolt is a convenient energy unit. The conversion is 1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. To convert a photon energy in joules to eV, divide by 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹.

电子伏特是一种方便的能量单位。换算关系为1 eV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ J。要将以焦耳为单位的能量转换为电子伏特，需除以1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹。

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10. Uncertainties and Data Handling | 不确定度与数据处理

AS practical and data questions often require uncertainty calculations. The absolute uncertainty is the range of possible error in a measurement, usually half the smallest scale division or given in the question.

AS实验和数据分析题经常要求进行不确定度计算。绝对不确定度是测量中可能的误差范围，通常为最小分度值的一半或由题目给出。

The percentage uncertainty is calculated as (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100%. This is useful for comparing the precision of different measurements.

百分比不确定度的计算式为（绝对不确定度 / 测量值）× 100%。这对于比较不同测量的精确度很有用。

When quantities are added or subtracted, absolute uncertainties add. When quantities are multiplied or divided, percentage uncertainties add. If a quantity is raised to a power n, multiply its percentage uncertainty by n.

当物理量相加或相减时，绝对不确定度相加。当物理量相乘或相除时，百分比不确定度相加。如果某物理量被乘方n次，则其百分比不确定度乘以n。

Always quote final answers to the same number of significant figures as the least precise piece of data used, unless the question says otherwise.

除非题目另有说明，最终答案的有效数字位数应与所用数据中精度最低的一项保持一致。

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11. Using the Booklet Effectively in Exams | 考试中有效使用手册

Before the exam, make sure you know where each formula is located. You should not waste time flipping through the booklet during the exam. Familiarity with the layout allows you to focus on applying physics rather than searching.

考前请确保你知道每个公式的位置。考试中不应浪费时间在手册中翻找。熟悉手册的排版可以让你专注于物理应用，而不是查找公式。

Always match the symbols in the booklet to the question. Many symbols have multiple meanings: for example, λ can be wavelength or decay constant, and ρ can be density or resistivity. Read

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