📚 Mastering the AQA AS Chemistry Insert 1 (January 2021 Data Sheet) | 掌握 AQA AS 化学资料册（2021 年 1 月数据表）
In AQA AS Chemistry exams, Insert 1 is the data sheet supplied inside every written paper. It contains the Periodic Table, selected physical constants, and spectroscopic reference data that examiners expect you to use rather than memorise. Building speed and confidence with this insert is a simple way to improve your mark in physical, inorganic and organic questions.
在 AQA AS 化学考试中，资料册（Insert 1）是随每份笔试提供的数据表。它包含元素周期表、选定的物理常数以及光谱参考数据，考官希望你会使用这些资料，而不是死记硬背。提升使用资料册的速度和信心，是提高物理化学、无机化学和有机化学题目得分的一种简单方法。
This revision guide walks through the key parts of the January 2021 data sheet style insert, explains how to use each table accurately, and highlights the mistakes that cost AS students marks every year.
本复习指南将梳理 2021 年 1 月风格资料册的主要内容，说明如何准确使用每张表格，并指出每年都让 AS 学生失分的常见错误。
1. What Is Insert 1 in AQA AS Chemistry? | 什么是 AQA AS 化学资料册？
Insert 1 is an exam aid printed for AQA AS Chemistry papers. It is not a textbook summary; it gives selected reference data such as relative atomic masses, fundamental constants and infrared absorption ranges that questions will expect you to interpret.
资料册是 AQA AS 化学试卷中提供的考试辅助材料。它不是教材摘要，而是给出选定的参考数据，例如相对原子质量、基本常数和红外吸收范围，题目要求你能够解读这些数据。
The insert is shared with both AS and A-level papers, so it also contains some tables such as NMR chemical shifts that AS candidates may not need. Knowing which parts are relevant to AS helps you avoid wasting time in the exam.
该资料册同时用于 AS 和 A-level 考试，因此还包含一些 AS 考生可能不需要的表格，例如 NMR 化学位移。知道哪些部分与 AS 有关，有助于在考试中避免浪费时间。
Always check the front page and the final periodic table as soon as you open the insert. If a page is missing or badly printed, request a new insert before the paper starts rather than trying to guess the data.
打开资料册后，应立即检查首页和最后的元素周期表。如果缺页或印刷不清，在考试开始前要求更换，而不是凭猜测使用数据。
2. The Periodic Table: Layout and Key Blocks | 周期表：布局与关键区块
The AQA periodic table lists each element’s symbol, atomic number and relative atomic mass. The table is arranged in IUPAC groups 1 to 18, with clear separation of the s-, p- and d-blocks. AS questions focus mainly on the s-block and p-block elements from periods 1 to 4, plus selected transition metals where relevant to redox or coloured ions.
AQA 周期表列出每种元素的符号、原子序数和相对原子质量。表中按 IUPAC 1-18 族排列，并清楚区分 s 区、p 区和 d 区。AS 题目主要关注第 1 至第 4 周期的 s 区和 p 区元素，以及与氧化还原或有色离子相关的部分过渡金属。
- s-block: Groups 1 and 2, including Na, Mg and Ca.
- p-block: Groups 13 to 18, including C, N, O, F, S and Cl.
- d-block: transition metals such as Fe, Cu and Zn, often linked to redox or precipitation.
s 区：第 1 族和第 2 族，包括 Na、Mg 和 Ca。p 区：第 13 至第 18 族，包括 C、N、O、F、S 和 Cl。d 区：过渡金属，如 Fe、Cu 和 Zn，常与氧化还原或沉淀反应相关。
When a question asks for a trend, do not quote a general phrase from memory. Use the periodic table positions to describe, for example, why atomic radius decreases from Na to Cl or why first ionisation energy drops from Be to B.
当题目问及某种规律时，不要凭记忆引用一般性说法。使用元素在周期表中的位置来描述，例如为什么原子半径从 Na 到 Cl 减小，或者为什么第一电离能从 Be 到 B 下降。
3. Relative Atomic Masses and Isotopes | 相对原子质量与同位素
The relative atomic mass Aᵣ shown for each element is the weighted mean mass of an atom compared with 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Since natural samples contain a mixture of isotopes, many Aᵣ values are not whole numbers. Chlorine, for example, appears as 35.5 because it contains both chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.
每种元素显示的相对原子质量 Aᵣ 是该元素原子质量与碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 相比所得的加权平均值。由于天然样品含有同位素混合物，许多 Aᵣ 值不是整数。例如氯显示为 35.5，因为它同时含有氯-35 和氯-37。
Use the Aᵣ values exactly as printed on the insert for molar calculations. Do not round them to simple whole numbers, and do not confuse the atomic number with the relative atomic mass. The atomic number is the smaller whole number showing proton number, while Aᵣ is the larger decimal or whole number below the symbol.
进行摩尔计算时，请使用资料册上印出的 Aᵣ 数值。不要将它们取整为简单的整数，也不要混淆原子序数和相对原子质量。原子序数是表示质子数的较小整数，而 Aᵣ 是元素符号下方较大的小数或整数。
n = m / M
In this formula, n is amount in mol, m is mass in g and M is molar mass in g mol⁻¹. Always take M from the insert, not from memory.
该公式中，n 是物质的量，单位为 mol；m 是质量，单位为 g；M 是摩尔质量，单位为 g mol⁻¹。始终从资料册中获取 M，而不是凭记忆。
4. Formulae and Constants: Using the Data Sheet in Calculations | 公式与常数：在计算中使用数据表
The data sheet lists fundamental constants such as the Avogadro constant and the gas constant. These are essential for mole, gas and energy calculations. The table below shows two constants you should be ready to locate quickly.
数据表列出了阿伏伽德罗常数和气体常数等基本常数。这些对摩尔、气体和能量计算至关重要。下表展示了你应能快速找到的两个常数。
| Quantity | Symbol | Value and units |
|---|---|---|
| Avogadro constant | Nₐ | 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹ |
| Gas constant | R | 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ |
Check the units carefully before substituting values. The gas constant is normally written as 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, so pressure must be in pascals, volume in cubic metres and temperature in kelvin. Using kPa, cm³ or °C without conversion is one of the most common AS calculation errors.
代入数值前请仔细核对单位。气体常数通常写作 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹，因此压强必须使用帕斯卡，体积使用立方米，温度使用开尔文。不换算直接使用 kPa、cm³ 或 °C 是 AS 计算中最常见的错误之一。
5. The Ideal Gas Equation and Unit Conversions | 理想气体方程与单位换算
The ideal gas equation appears frequently in AS physical chemistry. The insert gives you R, but you must rearrange the equation yourself and convert all quantities into SI units before substituting.
理想气体方程在 AS 物理化学中经常出现。资料册给出 R，但你需要自己变形方程，并在代入前将所有量换算成 SI 单位。
pV = nRT
In this equation, p is pressure in Pa, V is volume in m³, n is amount in mol, R is 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ and T is temperature in K. Rearrange to find missing values, for example n = pV / RT or V = nRT / p.
该方程中，p 是压强，单位为 Pa；V 是体积，单位为 m³；n 是物质的量，单位为 mol；R 为 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹；T 是温度，单位为 K。对方程进行变形求未知量，例如 n = pV / RT 或 V = nRT / p。
Common conversions include 1 kPa = 1 × 10³ Pa, 1 cm³ = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m³ and T(K) = T(°C) + 273. Write these conversions on your rough work as a reminder before you start substituting numbers.
常见的换算关系包括 1 kPa = 1 × 10³ Pa，1 cm³ = 1 × 10⁻⁶ m³，T(K) = T(°C) + 273。在开始代入数值前，把这些换算写在草稿上作为提醒。
6. Infrared Absorption Data for Functional Groups | 红外吸收数据与官能团
The infrared absorption table in the insert lists characteristic wavenumber ranges for bonds such as O-H, C=O, C-H and N-H. At AS level, you mainly use this table to identify functional groups in organic molecules from their IR spectra.
资料册中的红外吸收表列出了 O-H、C=O、C-H 和 N-H 等化学键的特征波数范围。在 AS 阶段，你主要利用该表格通过红外光谱识别有机分子中的官能团。
When answering, you must quote the numerical range from the data sheet rather than only saying ‘broad peak’ or ‘sharp peak’. For example, an alcohol shows a broad O-H absorption around 3230 to 3550 cm⁻¹, while a carbonyl C=O appears in a narrower region around 1680 to 1750 cm⁻¹.
答题时，必须引用数据表中的数值范围，而不是只写 ‘宽峰’ 或 ‘尖峰’。例如醇类在约 3230 至 3550 cm⁻¹ 处显示宽 O-H 吸收，而羰基 C=O 出现在约 1680 至 1750 cm⁻¹ 的较窄区域。
If a spectrum shows a strong peak around 1700 cm⁻¹ and no broad O-H peak near 3300 cm⁻¹, a ketone or aldehyde is far more likely than an alcohol. Always link the observed peaks to specific bonds and then to the functional group.
如果光谱在约 1700 cm⁻¹ 处有一个强峰，而在约 3300 cm⁻¹ 处没有宽 O-H 峰，则酮或醛的可能性远大于醇。始终将观察到的峰与具体化学键联系起来，再对应官能团。
7. Organic Analysis Data: Mass Spectrometry and IR Working Together
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