📚 A-Level CAIE Politics: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | CAIE 政治高频术语速记指南
In CAIE A-Level Politics, precise terminology is the backbone of high-scoring essays and source-based responses. This guide groups essential terms into manageable sections, each with a one-line definition and a memory hook to speed up revision.
在 CAIE A-Level 政治考试中，精准的术语是高分论文和材料分析题的基石。本指南将高频术语分为若干板块，每个术语配有一行定义和记忆钩子，帮助快速复习。
1. Core Concepts of Power and Authority | 权力与权威核心概念
Power is the ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do, even against their will. Memory hook: ‘P for push’ — power pushes people.
权力 是使他人做其原本不会做之事的能力，即使违背其意愿。记忆钩子：P 代表 push——权力推动他人。
Authority is legitimate power; it is accepted as right by those subject to it. Think ‘A for accepted’ — authority is accepted power.
权威 是合法的权力，被受其支配者认为是正当的。记住 A 代表 accepted——权威是被接受的权力。
Legitimacy is the belief that a ruler, government or system has the right to rule. Hook: ‘legit = lawful’ — legitimacy makes power lawful.
合法性 指人们相信统治者、政府或制度有统治的权利。记忆钩子：legit 即 lawful——合法性使权力合法化。
Sovereignty is supreme and final authority within a territory. Hook: ‘sovereign = over all’ — the sovereign is over all other authorities.
主权 是一个领土内的最高和最终权威。记忆钩子：sovereign 意为高于一切——主权者高于其他所有权威。
2. The State and Government | 国家与政府
State is the permanent institutional structure that exercises sovereign power over a defined territory and population. Hook: state stays — governments come and go.
国家 是长期存在的制度结构，在确定的领土和人口范围内行使主权。记忆钩子：国家永存——政府来来去去。
Government is the temporary set of people who run the state at a given time. Hook: ‘govern-ment has men and women’ — it changes with elections.
政府 是在特定时期管理国家的临时人员集合。记忆钩子：政府由人组成——随选举而更换。
Nation is a group of people bound by shared identity, culture, language or history. Hook: ‘nation = identity’ — a nation is felt, not just legal.
民族 是由共同认同、文化、语言或历史联系在一起的群体。记忆钩子：民族等于认同——民族是被感知的，不只是法律概念。
Rule of law means everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. Hook: ‘law above all’ — no one is above the law.
法治 意味着包括政府在内的每个人都受法律约束。记忆钩子：法律高于一切——没有人凌驾于法律之上。
3. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代议制
Direct democracy is a system in which citizens vote on policy decisions themselves, such as in referendums. Hook: direct = do it yourself.
直接民主 是公民自己投票决定政策的制度，如全民公投。记忆钩子：直接就是自己动手。
Representative democracy is a system in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Hook: rep = send someone.
代议制民主 是公民选举代表代为决策的制度。记忆钩子：代表就是将某人派去。
Liberal democracy combines free elections with protected individual rights and limited government. Hook: liberal = free + fair + rights.
自由民主制 将自由选举与受保护的个人权利和有限政府相结合。记忆钩子：liberal 等于自由、公平加权利。
Mandate is the authority given to a government by voters to carry out its stated policies. Hook: ‘man-date’ — the people date-stamp the plan.
授权 是选民赋予政府实施其公开政策的权力。记忆钩子：授权如同人民给计划盖上日期戳。
4. Elections and Electoral Systems | 选举与选举制度
First-past-the-post (FPTP) is a plurality system in which the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. Hook: first past the post wins the race.
简单多数制 是一种多数代表制，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜。记忆钩子：第一个冲过标杆者赢得比赛。
Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats roughly in line with the share of votes each party receives. Hook: proportion = share = seats.
比例代表制 大致按照各政党获得选票的比例分配席位。记忆钩子：比例等于份额等于席位。
Referendum is a direct vote by the people on a single political or constitutional question. Hook: refer = send back to the people.
全民公投 是人民就某一政治或宪法问题进行直接投票。记忆钩子：refer 意为交回给人民。
Turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Hook: turn out = show up.
投票率 是有资格投票的选民中实际投票者所占的百分比。记忆钩子：turn out 意为到场。
5. Political Parties
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