IGCSE CAIE Geography: Practical and Fieldwork Assessment Key Points | IGCSE CAIE 地理：实践与野外考察考核要点

📚 IGCSE CAIE Geography: Practical and Fieldwork Assessment Key Points | IGCSE CAIE 地理：实践与野外考察考核要点

This revision guide explains the core practical and fieldwork skills assessed in the CAIE IGCSE Geography Paper 2 (Geographical Skills). It covers map reading, graphical techniques, enquiry design, data collection, presentation, analysis and evaluation, with a focus on common examiner expectations.

本复习指南讲解 CAIE IGCSE 地理 Paper 2（地理技能）考查的核心实践与野外考察技能，涵盖地图判读、图表技法、探究设计、数据收集、数据呈现、分析与评价，并突出常见考官要求。

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1. Paper 2 Overview and Command Words | Paper 2 概述与指令词

In CAIE IGCSE Geography (0460), Paper 2: Geographical Skills is a written practical paper that tests your ability to use maps, graphs, photographs and fieldwork data. It lasts 1 hour 30 minutes, carries 60 marks and contributes 27.5% of the total qualification. It is not a separate laboratory experiment paper, but a skills-based assessment that applies geographical methods to real data.

在 CAIE IGCSE 地理（0460）中，Paper 2 地理技能是一份书面实践卷，考查你使用地图、图表、照片和野外考察数据的能力。考试时长 1 小时 30 分钟，满分 60 分，占总成绩的 27.5%。它不是单独的实验室实验卷，而是将地理方法应用于真实数据的技能评估。

Common command words include ‘state’, ‘describe’, ‘compare’, ‘calculate’, ‘complete’, ‘suggest’, ‘explain’ and ‘evaluate’. You must give precise evidence from the resource, not general knowledge, unless the question asks for a reason.

常见指令词包括 state、describe、compare、calculate、complete、suggest、explain 和 evaluate。你必须从所给资料中给出精确证据，而不是一般性知识，除非题目要求说明原因。

Always check the mark allocation. One mark usually means one clear point, calculation or correctly plotted item. Two or three marks require developed statements, paired comparisons or a chain of reasoning.

务必检查分值。1 分通常意味着一个清晰要点、一次计算或一个正确绘制项；2 分或 3 分需要展开陈述、成对比较或推理链条。

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2. Map Skills: Grid References, Scale and Direction | 地图技能：网格坐标、比例尺与方向

Four-figure grid references locate a square. The easting (horizontal) comes first, then the northing (vertical), read along the corridor and up the stairs. Six-figure references locate a specific point by subdividing each square into tenths in both directions.

四位数网格坐标用于定位方格，先读东距（横向），再读北距（纵向），即 ‘先横后纵’。六位数坐标通过将每个方格在水平和垂直方向上各十等分来定位具体点位。

For example, a six-figure reference such as 342571 means easting 342, northing 571. Always give the numbers in the correct order; reversing easting and northing is a common and avoidable error.

例如，六位数坐标 342571 表示东距 342、北距 571。务必按正确顺序写出数字；颠倒东距和北距是常见且可避免的错误。

Scale can be shown as a statement (1 cm = 1 km), a linear scale bar or a representative fraction (1:50 000). Use the linear scale for measuring straight distances with a ruler and curved distances with a piece of paper or string. Always convert to the units requested, usually kilometres.

比例尺可用文字式（1 cm = 1 km）、直线比例尺或数字比例尺（1:50 000）表示。用直尺测量直线距离时使用直线比例尺，用纸条或细线测量弯曲距离。务必换算为题目要求的单位，通常是千米。

Direction is measured from grid north unless stated otherwise. Use eight-point compass directions such as NE, SSW. For bearings, measure clockwise from north and give a three-digit answer such as 075°.

方向默认从格网北量起，除非另有说明。使用八方位罗盘方向，如 NE、SSW。方位角从北顺时针量取，并给出三位数答案，如 075°。

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3. Relief, Drainage and Land Use on Maps | 地图上的地形、水系与土地利用

Relief is shown by contour lines, spot heights, trigonometrical stations and layer tints. Contours are lines joining points of equal height; close contours show steep slopes, while widely spaced contours show gentle slopes or flat land. Always check the contour interval printed on the map.

地形通过等高线、高程点、三角点和分层设色表示。等高线是连接相同高度点的线；等高线密集表示陡坡，等高线稀疏表示缓坡或平地。务必查看地图上标注的等高距。

Recognise common relief features: a V-shaped contour pattern pointing uphill indicates a valley; a V pointing downhill indicates a spur. A closed contour with increasing heights inside is a hill; closed contours with a lower centre may show a depression if labelled.

识别常见地形特征：等高线 V 形尖端指向上坡表示山谷，V 形尖端指向下坡表示山脊。闭合等高线且内部高度增大为山丘；中心较低并标注时可能为洼地。

Drainage features include rivers, streams, lakes and canals. Describe the drainage pattern: dendritic looks like tree branches, radial flows outward from a central high point such as a volcano, trellised forms along folded rock, and rectangular follows joints or faults.

水系要素包括河流、溪流、湖泊和运河。描述水系形态：树枝状如树枝分叉，放射状从火山等中心高地向外流，格状沿褶皱岩层形成，矩形状沿节理或断层分布。

Land use is read from map symbols and labels. Identify residential, industrial, agricultural, recreational and transport uses. Use the key to avoid guessing; describe the spatial pattern of land use, not just a list of individual features.

土地利用通过地图图例和注记判读。识别居住、工业、农业、休闲和交通用途。使用图例避免猜测；描述土地利用的空间格局，而不仅是罗列单个地物。

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4. Choosing and Completing Graphs | 选择与补全图表

Select the correct graph for the data type. Use a line graph for continuous data over time, a bar chart for discrete categories, a histogram for continuous frequency data, a pie chart for proportions, and a scatter graph for relationships between two variables.

根据数据类型选择正确图表。时间连续数据用折线图，离散类别用条形图，连续频数数据用直方图，比例数据用饼图，两个变量之间的关系用散点图。

Every completed graph must have a title, labelled axes with units where relevant, an accurate scale, a key if needed, and correctly plotted points or bars. In graph completion questions, copy the style already used on the paper.

每张补全的图表必须有标题、带单位的坐标轴标注、准确刻度、必要时有图例，以及正确绘制的点或柱。在补全图表题中，沿用试卷上已使用的样式。

Read scales carefully. If the axis does not start at zero, plot values exactly relative to the given scale. Use a sharp pencil for graphs; plot points as small crosses or dots, then join line graphs with a ruler where appropriate.

仔细读取刻度。如果坐标轴不从零开始，仍要按给定刻度精确绘图。用尖铅笔做图；点位画成小叉或圆点，折线图在合适处用直尺连线。

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5. Fieldwork Enquiry and Hypothesis Design | 野外考察探究与假设设计

A fieldwork enquiry begins with a clear aim and a testable hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement that can be accepted or rejected using data, such as ‘Tourism pressure increases litter density closer to the coach park.’

野外考察探究从明确目标和一个可检验的假设开始。假设是一个可根据数据接受或拒绝的陈述，例如 ‘越靠近旅游大巴停车场，垃圾密度越大。’

Independent variables are the factors you control or choose, such as distance from a site. Dependent variables are what you measure, such as litter count per square metre. Controlled variables are kept the same to ensure a fair test.

自变量是你控制或选择的因素，如距某地点的距离；因变量是你测量的结果，如每平方米垃圾数量。控制变量保持不变以确保公平测试。

Use sampling when it is impossible to collect data everywhere. Random sampling removes bias, systematic sampling gives even coverage at fixed intervals, and stratified sampling ensures different groups or zones are represented proportionally.

当无法在所有地点收集数据时使用抽样。随机抽样消除偏差，系统抽样按固定间隔保证均匀覆盖，分层抽样确保不同组别或区域按比例代表。

Pilot surveys and risk assessments are essential before data collection. A risk assessment identifies hazards, who is at risk, severity and control measures; for example, stay on the pavement and

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