📚 IGCSE CAIE Law: Formula & Theorem Rapid Revision Handbook | IGCSE CAIE 法律：公式定理速查手册
In IGCSE CAIE Law, students often ask for a ‘formula sheet’ like those used in maths or physics. Although law is not a numerical subject, many legal rules can be expressed as clear equations: criminal liability = actus reus + mens rea – defence; contract = offer + acceptance + consideration + intention; negligence = duty + breach + causation + damage. This rapid revision handbook collects those ‘legal formulas’, key definitions and case law principles in one place for quick recall before the exam.
在 IGCSE CAIE 法律课程中，学生常常希望有一张像数学或物理那样的 ‘公式表’。虽然法律不是数字学科，但许多法律规则可以表达为清晰的等式：刑事责任 = 犯罪行为 + 犯罪意图 – 抗辩；合同 = 要约 + 承诺 + 对价 + 意图；过失侵权 = 注意义务 + 违反义务 + 因果关系 + 损害。这份速查手册将这些 ‘法律公式’、关键定义和判例法原则集中在一处，便于考前快速回忆。
1. Civil vs Criminal Law: The Two Legal Tracks | 民法与刑法：两条法律轨道
Criminal law deals with conduct harmful to society and is prosecuted by the state against a defendant.
刑法处理危害社会的行为，由国家作为控方起诉被告。
Civil law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations, where one party sues another for a remedy.
民法处理个人或组织之间的纠纷，由一方起诉另一方以获得救济。
The prosecution in a criminal case must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
在刑事案件中，控方必须排除合理怀疑地证明被告有罪。
The claimant in a civil case must prove liability on the balance of probabilities.
在民事案件中，原告必须在概率平衡的基础上证明被告负有责任。
The outcome of a criminal case is usually punishment, such as imprisonment or a fine; a civil case normally ends in damages or an injunction.
刑事案件的结果通常是惩罚，例如监禁或罚款；民事案件的结果通常是损害赔偿或禁制令。
2. Sources of Law: Statute, Common Law, Equity and Custom | 法律渊源：制定法、普通法、衡平法与习惯
Statute law is made by Parliament through Acts of Parliament and is the highest form of domestic law.
制定法由议会通过法案制定，是国内法最高形式。
Delegated legislation is made by bodies given power by Parliament, such as government ministers or local councils.
授权立法由议会授权的机构制定，例如政府部长或地方政府。
Common law is created by judges through judicial precedent in decided cases.
普通法由法官通过已决案件中的司法先例创造。
The binding part of a precedent is the ratio decidendi; the persuasive part is the obiter dicta.
先例中具有约束力的部分是判决理由；具有说服力的部分是附带意见。
Equity developed as a fairness-based system to supplement common law, producing remedies such as injunctions and specific performance.
衡平法作为基于公平的补充制度发展起来，产生了禁制令和强制履行等救济。
3. Court Hierarchy and Appeal Routes | 法院层级与上诉路径
The Magistrates’ Court hears most summary offences and some either-way offences at first instance.
治安法院初审审理大多数简易罪和部分可选择审判方式的罪行。
The Crown Court hears indictable offences and either-way offences sent from the Magistrates’ Court, with a judge and jury.
刑事法院审理可公诉罪和由治安法院移送的混合罪，由法官和陪审团组成。
The High Court hears serious civil cases and is divided into the King’s Bench, Chancery and Family Divisions.
高等法院审理重大民事案件，分为王座庭、衡平庭和家事庭。
The Court of Appeal has a Civil Division and a Criminal Division, hearing appeals on points of law, fact or both.
上诉法院设有民事庭和刑事庭，审理法律或事实问题或两者的上诉。
The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal for England and Wales on points of law of general public importance.
最高法院是英格兰和威尔士对具有普遍公共重要性的法律问题的终审法院。
4. Criminal Liability Formula | 刑事责任公式
Criminal Liability = Actus Reus + Mens Rea – Complete Defence
Actus reus is the physical element of a crime: conduct, consequences and circumstances required by the offence definition.
犯罪行为是犯罪的客观要素：罪行定义所要求的行为、后果和情节。
Mens rea is the mental element, which may be intention, recklessness, negligence or dishonesty depending on the offence.
犯罪意图是主观要素，根据罪行不同，可能是故意、轻率、过失或欺诈。
Generally, actus reus and mens rea must coincide in time for liability to arise.
通常，犯罪行为和犯罪意图必须在时间上同时发生才能产生责任。
Causation links the defendant’s conduct to the prohibited consequence; both factual and legal causation must be proved.
因果关系将被告的行为与禁止的后果联系起来；必须证明事实因果关系和法律因果关系。
An omission can create liability only where there is a legal duty to act, such as by statute, contract, relationship or assumed responsibility.
不作为只有在存在法定作为义务时才产生责任，例如依制定法、合同、身份关系或自愿承担的责任。
5. Non-Fatal and Fatal Offences | 非致命罪与致命罪
Assault is causing the victim to apprehend immediate and unlawful force; battery is the actual application of that force.
袭击是使受害人担心即将遭受非法暴力；殴打是实际施加该暴力。
Assault occasioning actual bodily harm under s.47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 requires only assault or battery plus harm greater than trivial.
根据1861年《人身犯罪法》第47条，袭击致实际身体伤害只需袭击或殴打加上超过轻微程度的伤害。
Malicious wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm under s.20 requires malice plus serious harm; s.18 adds a specific intent to cause GBH or resist arrest.
第20条恶意伤害或致严重身体伤害要求恶意及严重伤害；第18条则要求具有致严重身体伤害或抗拒逮捕的特定故意。
Murder is the unlawful killing of a reasonable creature under the Queen’s or King’s peace with malice aforethought.
谋杀是在国家和平秩序下非法杀害一个理性人，并具有恶意预谋。
Malice aforethought includes an intention to kill or an intention to cause grievous bodily harm.
恶意预谋包括杀人故意或致严重身体伤害的故意。
Voluntary manslaughter arises when murder is reduced by loss of control or diminished responsibility.
自愿过失杀人是指谋杀因失去控制或减轻责任而减轻。
Involuntary manslaughter includes unlawful act manslaughter and gross negligence manslaughter.
非自愿过失杀人包括非法行为过失杀人和重大过失过失杀人。
6. Criminal Defences | 刑事抗辩
No Criminal Liability = Proven Offence – Complete Defence
Insanity under the M’Naghten Rules requires a defect of reason from disease of the mind causing the defendant not to know the nature and quality of the act or that it was wrong.
依姆纳坦规则，精神错乱需因精神疾病引起理性缺陷，使被告不知道行为的性质或不知道行为是错误的。
Automatism is an involuntary act caused by an external factor, such as a blow to the head, and denies the actus reus.
自动症是由外部因素（如头部受击）引起的非自愿行为，否定犯罪行为的存在。
Intoxication may negate specific intent if the defendant was so intoxicated that they could not form the intent, but voluntary intoxication is not a defence to basic intent crimes.
如果被告因醉酒而无法形成特定故意，醉酒可能否定特定故意，但自愿醉酒不能作为基本故意罪行的抗辩。
Self-defence allows reasonable force to be used to protect oneself, another person or property.
自卫允许使用合理武力保护自己、他人或财产。
Duress is acting under a threat of death or serious injury, but it is not available for murder or attempted murder.
胁迫指在死亡或严重伤害的威胁下行为，但不能作为谋杀或谋杀未遂的抗辩。
7. Contract Formation Formula | 合同成立公式
Valid Contract = Offer + Acceptance + Consideration + Intention to Create Legal Relations + Capacity
An offer is a definite promise to be bound on specific terms; an invitation to treat is merely an invitation to make an offer.
要约是在特定条件下受约束的明确承诺；要约邀请仅是邀请他人发出要约。
Acceptance must be unconditional and communicated to the offeror; a counter-offer destroys the original offer.
承诺必须无条件并传达给要约人；反要约消灭原要约。
The postal rule states that acceptance by post takes effect when posted, not when received.
邮寄规则规定，以邮寄方式承诺自投邮时生效，而非到达时。
Consideration is something of value exchanged between the parties, but it must not be past unless the previous act was done at the promisor’s request.
对价是双方交换的有价值事物，但一般不能是过去的对价，除非先前的行为是应允诺人的要求而为。
Intention to create legal relations is presumed in commercial agreements but not in domestic or social agreements.
商业协议推定具有设立法律关系的意图，而家庭或社交协议推定不具有该意图。
8. Contract Vitiating Factors and Remedies | 合同效力瑕疵因素与救济
A contract may be void from the start or voidable if genuine consent is absent due to misrepresentation, mistake, duress or undue influence.
如果因失实陈述、错误、胁迫或不当影响而缺乏真实同意，合同可能自始无效或可撤销。
Misrepresentation is a false statement of fact inducing the other party to enter the contract, and may be fraudulent, negligent or innocent.
失实陈述是诱使对方订立合同的虚假事实陈述，可为欺诈性、疏忽性或无辜性。
Mistake can make a contract void only in limited cases where both parties are mistaken about a fundamental matter.
错误仅在双方对根本事项产生共同错误的有限情形下使合同自始无效。
Duress involves pressure from threats, while undue influence involves improper persuasion in a relationship of trust.
胁迫涉及以威胁施加压力，而不当影响涉及在信任关系中施加不正当说服。
Remedies for breach of contract include damages, specific performance, rescission and injunction.
违约救济包括损害赔偿、强制履行、撤销合同和禁制令。
9. Negligence Formula in Tort | 侵权过失公式
Negligence = Duty of Care + Breach of Duty + Causation + Damage
Duty of care is established by the neighbour principle from Donoghue v Stevenson and the three-stage test in Caparo v Dickman: foreseeability, proximity and fairness.
注意义务依据 Donoghue v Stevenson 案中的邻人原则和 Caparo v Dickman 案的三阶段检验法：可预见性、邻近性和公平合理。
Breach of duty occurs when the defendant fails to meet the standard of the reasonable person, considering factors such as likelihood of harm and cost of precautions.
如果被告未达到合理人的标准，即构成义务违反，需考虑损害发生的可能性和预防成本等因素。
Factual causation is tested by the ‘but for’ test: but for the defendant’s breach, would the damage have occurred?
事实因果关系用 ‘若无’ 检验法：若无被告的违反义务，损害是否还会发生？
Legal causation requires the damage to be a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the breach, so damage must not be too remote.
法律因果关系要求损害是违反义务的可合理预见的后果，损害不能过于遥远。
The claimant must suffer actual damage, such as personal injury, property damage or economic loss recoverable in law.
原告必须遭受实际损害，例如人身伤害、财产损失或法律上可获赔的经济损失。
10. Occupiers’ Liability and Defamation | 占有人责任与诽谤
Under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957, an occupier owes a common duty of care to lawful visitors to keep the premises reasonably safe.
根据1957年《占有人责任法》，占有人对合法进入者负有使场所合理安全的普通注意义务。
The Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 gives limited protection to trespassers where the occupier knows of the danger and the risk.
1984年《占有人责任法》在占有人明知危险和风险的情况下，对非法进入者给予有限保护。
Defamation protects reputation; libel is defamation in permanent form such as writing, while slander is defamation in temporary spoken form.
诽谤保护名誉；永久性诽谤是以书面等永久形式作出的诽谤，非永久性诽谤是口头的暂时形式诽谤。
To succeed in defamation, the claimant must show that the statement was defamatory, referred to them and was published to a third party.
诽谤索赔须证明陈述具有诽谤性、指向原告且已向第三方发布。
Defences to defamation include truth, honest opinion, publication on a matter of public interest and absolute or qualified privilege.
诽谤抗辩包括真实性、诚实意见、基于公共利益事项的发布以及绝对或相对特权。
11. Key Case Law Quick Reference | 关键判例速查
| Case | 案例 | Key Principle | 关键原则 |
|---|---|
| Donoghue v Stevenson | Neighbour principle in duty of care | 注意义务中的邻人原则 |
| Caparo v Dickman | 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
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