📚 IGCSE CAIE Music: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE CAIE 音乐：核心知识点梳理
The Cambridge IGCSE Music syllabus builds a broad understanding of how music is constructed, performed and heard. A clear grasp of core musical vocabulary, instrument recognition, historical style features and listening strategies is essential for success in the written paper and for supporting performance and composition coursework.
剑桥 IGCSE 音乐课程旨在培养学生对音乐构造、演奏与聆听方式的全面理解。清晰掌握核心音乐词汇、乐器辨识、历史风格特征和听力策略，对于笔试成功以及支持演奏与作曲课程作业至关重要。
1. The Elements of Music | 音乐基本要素
All music can be described using eight interlocking elements: pitch, duration, tempo, dynamics, timbre, texture, structure, and harmony/tonality.
所有音乐都可以用八个相互关联的要素来描述：音高、时值、速度、力度、音色、织体、曲式结构以及和声与调性。
When analysing an extract, try to comment on at least three or four of these elements rather than describing the mood alone.
分析音乐片段时，尽量至少评论其中三到四个要素，而不只是描述情绪。
For example, a section may use high pitch, fast tempo, legato articulation, thin texture and a major key to create a bright character.
例如，某个段落可能通过高音区、快速、连奏、单薄织体和大调来营造明亮性格。
2. Pitch, Melody and Notation | 音高、旋律与记谱法
Melody is a sequence of pitches organised in time. Candidates should recognise melodic movement by step, leap, repetition, sequence and arpeggio.
旋律是音高在时间中有组织的进行。考生应能识别级进、跳进、重复、模进和琶音等旋律进行方式。
Intervals such as unison, octave, perfect fifth and major third describe the distance between two notes; interval recognition supports both dictation and score-reading questions.
音程（如同度、八度、纯五度和大三度）描述两个音之间的距离；音程辨识有助于听写和读谱题。
| Symbol | Name | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| ♯ | Sharp | 升号 |
| ♭ | Flat | 降号 |
| ♮ | Natural | 还原号 |
Score-reading questions often ask about pitch names, clefs, accidentals, key signatures and whether notes move by step or leap.
读谱题经常考查音名、谱号、临时变音记号、调号和音符是级进还是跳进。
3. Rhythm, Metre and Tempo | 节奏、节拍与速度
Rhythm refers to the pattern of long and short sounds, while metre is the underlying grouping of beats into bars, such as 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 or 6/8.
节奏指长短音的组合模式，而节拍是拍子在音乐中的基本分组，如 2/4、3/4、4/4 或 6/8 拍。
Common rhythmic features include syncopation, dotted notes, ties, triplets, rests and dotted rhythms; candidates should be able to identify them by ear and in notation.
常见节奏特征包括切分、附点音符、延音线、三连音、休止符和附点节奏；考生应能通过听觉和记谱识别它们。
Tempo terms such as allegro, andante, adagio and accelerando describe speed and changes of speed; these are frequently tested in listening questions.
速度术语如 allegro（快板）、andante（行板）、adagio（慢板）和 accelerando（渐快）描述速度及其变化；这些在听力题中经常考查。
Metre affects the feel: 3/4 is usually dance-like, while 4/4 is often stronger on beats 1 and 3.
节拍影响感觉：3/4 拍通常带有舞曲感，而 4/4 拍往往在第一和第三拍更强。
4. Harmony, Tonality and Keys | 和声、调性与调
Tonality tells us whether the music is in a major key, minor key, modal scale or atonal; a major key often sounds brighter, while a minor key can sound darker or sadder.
调性表明音乐是大调、小调、调式音阶还是无调性；大调通常听起来更明亮，小调则可能显得更暗淡或悲伤。
Harmony is built from chords, usually triads built on scale degrees. Roman numerals such as I, IV, V and vi indicate chords within a key.
和声由和弦构成，通常是建立在音阶各音级上的三和弦。罗马数字如 I、IV、V 和 vi 表示调内和弦。
Common cadences include perfect V–I, imperfect I–V or IV–V, plagal IV–I, and interrupted V–vi; these close or pause musical phrases.
常见终止式包括正格终止 V–I、不完全终止 I–V 或 IV–V、变格终止 IV–I 和阻碍终止 V–vi；它们结束或暂停乐句。
Listen for chord changes, pedal notes, modulation and harmonic rhythm when describing harmony in an extract.
在描述片段和声时，注意和弦变化、持续音、转调和和声节奏。
5. Instruments and Families | 乐器与乐器组
The orchestra is divided into four families: strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. Keyboard instruments and voices are also important in the IGCSE syllabus.
管弦乐队分为四个乐器组：弦乐、木管、铜管和打击乐。键盘乐器和人声在 IGCSE 课程大纲中也很重要。
String instruments include violin, viola, cello and double bass; common techniques are arco, pizzicato, tremolo and double stopping.
弦乐器包括小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴；常见演奏技法有拉奏、拨奏、震音和双音。
Woodwind instruments include flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon; brass instruments include trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba. Percussion includes tuned and untuned instruments.
木管乐器包括长笛、双簧管、单簧管和大管；铜管乐器包括小号、圆号、长号和大号。打击乐分为有固定音高和无固定音高乐器。
Identifying instruments by timbre and describing their playing techniques are key skills in listening papers.
通过音色辨认乐器并描述其演奏技法是听力考试的关键技能。
6. Texture and Structure | 织体与曲式结构
Texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard and how they relate. The main types are monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic and heterophonic.
织体指听到多少个声部层次以及它们之间的关系。主要类型有单声织体、主调织体、复调织体和异音织体。
Monophonic texture has a single unaccompanied line; homophonic texture has melody with chordal accompaniment; polyphonic texture combines two or more independent melodies; heterophonic texture presents the same melody with simultaneous variations.
单声织体只有一条无伴奏旋律；主调织体是旋律加和弦伴奏；复调织体结合两条或两条以上独立旋律；异音织体是同一条旋律的同时变奏。
Structure describes the overall plan of a piece. Common forms include binary, ternary, rondo, theme and variations, strophic and sonata form.
曲式结构描述一首作品的整体布局。常见曲式包括二部曲式、三部曲式、回旋曲式、主题与变奏、分节歌和奏鸣曲式。
When describing structure, use letters such as A, B, A’ to label sections and mention repetition, contrast and development.
描述结构时，使用 A、B、A’ 等字母标记段落，并提到重复、对比和发展。
7. Dynamics, Articulation and Expression | 力度、奏法与表情
Dynamics indicate volume and its changes. Terms include pianissimo (pp), piano (p), mezzo piano (mp), mezzo forte (mf), forte (f), fortissimo (ff), crescendo and diminuendo.
力度指示音量及其变化。术语包括极弱 (pp)、弱 (p)、中弱 (mp)、中强 (mf)、强 (f)、极强 (ff)、渐强和渐弱。
Articulation describes how individual notes are played or sung: legato (smoothly), staccato (detached), tenuto (held), accent and marcato.
奏法描述单个音符如何演奏或演唱：连奏（圆滑）、断奏（分离）、保持音、重音
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