IGCSE Cambridge Psychology: Exam Technique and Marking Criteria | IGCSE 剑桥心理学：答题技巧与评分标准

📚 IGCSE Cambridge Psychology: Exam Technique and Marking Criteria | IGCSE 剑桥心理学：答题技巧与评分标准

In IGCSE Cambridge Psychology, knowing the content is only half the battle; examiners reward precise, structured and command-word-focused answers. This guide explains how to interpret question types, meet the assessment objectives and avoid common errors that limit marks.

在 IGCSE 剑桥心理学考试中，掌握知识只是成功的一半；考官奖励准确、结构清晰并且紧扣指令词的答案。本指南将解释如何理解题型、满足评估目标，并避免常见的失分错误。

1. Exam Structure and Question Types | 考试结构与题型

In Cambridge IGCSE Psychology, your written paper usually includes short-answer questions worth 1 to 4 marks and extended questions worth 6 to 9 marks. Multiple-choice questions test breadth of knowledge, while written questions test depth, application and evaluation.

在剑桥 IGCSE 心理学考试中，书面试卷通常包括 1 到 4 分的简答题和 6 到 9 分的扩展题。选择题考查知识广度，书面题则考查深度、应用与评价能力。

Before the exam, check your syllabus for the exact paper titles, question styles and timing. Then practise dividing your time so that you do not spend ten minutes on a two-mark definition and leave too little time for an extended evaluation.

考前请查看教学大纲，确认试卷名称、题目类型和考试时间。然后练习分配时间，避免在 2 分的定义题上花 10 分钟，导致扩展评价题没有足够时间完成。

Read the whole paper before writing.
Count the marks for each question before you start.
Use mark allocation as a guide to how many points you need.

开始作答前先通读整份试卷。
每道题先看清分值再动笔。
用分值来判断需要写多少个要点。

2. Understanding Assessment Objectives: AO1, AO2, AO3 | 理解评估目标：AO1、AO2、AO3

Cambridge IGCSE Psychology marks answers against assessment objectives. AO1 tests knowledge and understanding, AO2 tests application of knowledge to unfamiliar contexts, and AO3 tests analysis, evaluation and judgement.

剑桥 IGCSE 心理学根据评估目标评分。AO1 考查知识与理解，AO2 考查将知识应用到新情境，AO3 考查分析、评价与判断。

You cannot win AO3 marks by simply describing a study. You must make a judgement, such as saying whether a study is valid, reliable, ethical or useful, and support that judgement with a reason.

仅描述研究无法获得 AO3 分数。你必须做出判断，例如说明某项研究是否有效、可靠、合乎伦理或有实用价值，并给出理由来支持判断。

AO1: name, define, describe, identify.
AO2: apply, explain, use evidence from a scenario.
AO3: evaluate, discuss, justify, compare strengths and weaknesses.

AO1：命名、定义、描述、识别。
AO2：应用、解释、使用情境中的证据。
AO3：评价、讨论、论证、比较优点与缺点。

3. Command Words: Identify, Describe, Explain, Evaluate | 指令词：识别、描述、解释、评价

Command words tell you exactly what the examiner expects. If a question says ‘identify’, you only need to name one feature. If it says ‘evaluate’, you must present both strengths and weaknesses and finish with a judgement.

指令词会明确告诉你考官的要求。如果题目说 ‘识别’，你只需说出一个特征。如果题目说 ‘评价’，你必须写出优点和缺点，并最终给出判断。

Command word	中文指令词	What to do	应该怎么做
Identify	识别	Name or select one correct feature	说出或选出一个正确特征
Describe	描述	Give characteristics, steps or results	写出特征、步骤或结果
Explain	解释	Give reasons, causes or mechanisms	给出原因、成因或机制
Evaluate	评价	Judge strengths, weaknesses and overall value	判断优点、缺点和总体价值

Always underline the command word in the question before answering. This simple habit prevents the most common mistake: writing a description when the examiner asked for an evaluation.

作答前先圈出题目中的指令词。这个简单的习惯可以避免最常见的错误：考官要求评价时你却写了描述。

4. Using Core Studies as Evidence | 以核心研究作为证据

In many written questions, you need to support your answer with a named core study. Always include the researcher and year, for example Bandura et al. (1961) or Milgram (1963). Then select the relevant aim, method, results and conclusion.

在许多书面题中，你需要用具体核心研究来支持答案。务必写出研究者与年份，例如 Bandura et al. (1961) 或 Milgram (1963)。然后选择相关的目的、方法、结果与结论。

Do not retell the entire study. If the question asks about learning aggression, focus on Bandura’s Bobo doll procedure and results. If it asks about obedience, use Milgram’s electric shock procedure and the 65% obedience rate.

不要复述整个研究。如果题目问攻击行为的学习，就重点写 Bandura 的波波娃娃实验程序和结果。如果题目问服从行为，就使用 Milgram 的电击程序和 65% 服从率。

Bandura et al. (1961) — aggression and social learning.
Milgram (1963) — obedience to authority.
Loftus and Palmer (1974) — leading questions and memory.
Sperry (1968) — split-brain research and hemispheric functions.

Bandura et al. (1961)——攻击行为与社会学习。
Milgram (1963)——对权威的服从。
Loftus and Palmer (1974)——引导性问题与记忆。
Sperry (1968)——裂脑研究与半球功能。

5. Describing Research Methods Accurately | 准确描述研究方法

Cambridge IGCSE Psychology frequently asks you to describe a method, design or procedure. You must use accurate research terms such as independent variable, dependent variable, extraneous variable, control group, sample and standardised procedure.

剑桥 IGCSE 心理学经常要求你描述方法、设计或程序。你必须使用准确的研究术语，例如自变量、因变量、额外变量、控制组、样本和标准化程序。

For example, in an experiment on memory, the independent variable might be whether participants drink caffeine or water, while the dependent variable is the number of words recalled. A control could be the same word list and the same time limit for all participants.

例如，在记忆实验中，自变量可能是参与者喝咖啡还是喝水，因变量是记住的单词数量。控制条件可以是所有参与者使用相同的单词表和相同的时间限制。

Examiners also reward references to validity and reliability. A method is valid if it measures what it claims to measure, and reliable if it gives consistent results when repeated.

考官还奖励提到效度和信度的答案。如果一种方法测量了它声称要测量的内容，就是有效的；如果重复时得到一致结果，就是可靠的。

6. Application Questions: Linking to Scenarios | 应用类题目：联系情境

Application questions give you a short scenario and ask you to use psychological knowledge. Do not write everything you know about the topic; first identify the key issue in the scenario, then choose one or two concepts or studies that explain it directly.

应用类题目会给出一个简短情境，要求你运用心理学知识。不要写出该主题的所有内容；先找出情境中的关键问题，然后选择一两个直接解释该问题的概念或研究。

For instance, if the scenario shows a child copying an aggressive adult, you could apply Bandura’s social learning theory and mention attention, retention, reproduction and motivation as the four processes.

例如，如果情境显示一名儿童模仿成人的攻击行为，你可以应用 Bandura 的社会学习理论，并提到注意、保持、再现和动机这四个过程。

Always use the language of the scenario in your answer, such as naming the child or the specific behaviour. This shows the examiner you are applying rather than just recalling.

作答时始终使用情境中的语言，例如提到儿童的名字或具体行为。这样向考官表明你是在应用知识，而不是简单回忆。

7. Evaluation: Strengths, Weaknesses and Ethics | 评价：优点、缺点与伦理

Evaluation requires more than saying ‘one strength is that it was a laboratory experiment’. You must explain why that matters: a lab experiment has high control, so the researcher can establish cause and effect, but it may have low ecological validity because the task is artificial.

评价不只是说 ‘一个优点是它是实验室实验’。你必须解释为什么这一点重要：实验室实验控制程度高，因此研究人员可以建立因果关系，但由于任务人为化，生态效度可能较低。

Use evaluative phrases such as ‘This is a strength because…’, ‘However…’, ‘On the other hand…’ and ‘Overall, the study is useful because…’. Link every strength or weakness to validity, reliability, ethics, sampling or practical applications.

使用评价性短语，例如 ‘这是优点，因为……’、’然而……’、’另一方面……’ 和 ‘总体而言，该研究有用，因为……’。将每个优点或缺点与效度、信度、伦理、抽样或实际应用联系起来。

Strength: high control, cause-effect, replication possible.
Weakness: low ecological validity, demand characteristics, small sample.
Ethical issue: deception, lack of informed consent, protection from harm.

优点：控制程度高、可判断因果关系、可重复。
缺点：生态效度低、需求特征、样本小。
伦理问题：欺骗、缺乏知情同意、缺乏免受伤害保护。

8. Structuring Extended Responses | 构建扩展型答案

For 6-9 mark extended questions, use a clear structure. The PEEL structure works well: Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link or Evaluation. Start with a topic sentence that directly answers the question, then support it with a core study, then explain, then evaluate.

对于 6 到 9 分的扩展题，使用清晰的结构。PEEL 结构非常有效：观点、证据、解释、联系或评价。先用直接回答问题的主题句开头，然后用核心研究支持，再解释，最后评价。

For example, if asked to evaluate one study of obedience: ‘One strength of Milgram (1963) is its high level of control. The experimenter used a standardised script and fixed voltage levels, which means the study could be replicated and shows reliable obedience behaviour. However, the task was artificial and ethical problems such as deception reduce the value of the findings. Overall, it is useful for explaining obedience in hierarchical settings, but its ethics would not be accepted today.’

例如，如果要求评价一项服从研究：’Milgram (1963) 的一个优点是控制程度高。实验者使用标准化脚本和固定电压等级，这意味着该研究可以复制，并显示了可靠的服从行为。然而，任务人为化，欺骗等伦理问题降低了研究结果的价值。总体而言，它有助于解释等级环境中的服从，但其伦理在今天不会被接受。’

Save two or three minutes at the end of a long question to check that you have answered all parts. A balanced answer is better than one brilliant paragraph followed by nothing.

在长题目结束前留出两三分钟检查是否回答了所有部分。均衡的答案比一段精彩但后面空白要好。

9. Data, Graphs and Drawing Conclusions | 数据、图表与得出结论

Some IGCSE Psychology questions ask you to read data, calculate a mean or range, or draw a conclusion from a graph or table. You should be confident with simple descriptive statistics.

一些 IGCSE 心理学题目要求你阅读数据、计算平均数或范围，或者从图表或表格中得出结论。你应该熟练掌握简单的描述性统计。

Mean = Sum of values ÷ Number of values

Range = Highest value − Lowest value

When asked to draw a conclusion, state what the data shows and refer to specific numbers. For example, ‘The mean number of words recalled in the quiet condition was 18, compared with 11 in the noise condition, so quiet conditions produced better recall.’

当要求得出结论时，说明数据反映了什么，并引用具体数字。例如，’安静条件下平均回忆单词数为 18，噪音条件下为 11，因此安静条件产生了更好的回忆效果。’

Do not overgeneralise. If a study used 20 students from one school, do not claim the results prove a universal truth about all people. Use phrases such as ‘this suggests’ rather than ‘this proves’.

不要过度概括。如果一项研究只使用了一所学校的 20 名学生，不要声称结果证明了适用于所有人的普遍真理。使用 ‘这表明’ 而不是 ‘这证明’。

10. Common Mistakes That Lose Marks | 常见失分错误

Examiner reports show the same mistakes year after year. Avoiding them will instantly improve your mark.

考官报告显示每年都会出现相同的错误。避免这些错误将立即提高你的分数。

Writing a description when the command word says ‘evaluate’.
Forgetting to name a core study when evidence is required.
Listing strengths without any weaknesses, or weaknesses without strengths.
Ignoring the scenario in application questions.
Giving an ethical issue without explaining why it is a problem.
Writing much more than the mark allocation needs on a low-mark question.

指令词说 ‘评价’ 时却写了描述。
需要证据时忘记写出核心研究名称。
只列优点不写缺点，或只列缺点不写优点。
应用类题目忽略情境。
写出伦理问题却不解释为什么这是个问题。
在低分题上写得远超分值所需。

A quick self-check is to read your answer and ask: Did I follow the command word? Did I include evidence? Did I make a judgement where required? Did I use the scenario?

快速自检的方法是读一遍答案并问自己：我遵循指令词了吗？我提供证据了吗？需要时我做出判断了吗？我使用情境了吗？

11. Using Mark Schemes and Examiner Reports | 使用评分方案与考官报告

Past papers, mark schemes and examiner reports are the most effective revision tools for exam technique. Do not just read the mark scheme; compare it to your own answer line by line and identify which key words you missed.

历年真题、评分方案和考官报告是提升考试技巧最有效的复习工具。不要只读评分方案；逐行对照自己的答案，找出遗漏的关键词。

Examiner reports explain what high-scoring candidates did differently and where weak answers lost marks. They often say things like ‘many candidates described the study instead of evaluating it’ or ‘few candidates mentioned ethics’. Use these comments as a checklist.

考官报告会解释高分考生的不同之处，以及低分答案失分的原因。报告常写道 ‘许多考生描述了研究而没有评价’ 或 ‘很少有考生提到伦理’。把这些评语当作检查清单使用。

Practise by writing full answers under timed conditions, then mark yourself with the mark scheme. This builds the habit of giving exactly what the examiner wants, not just what you happen to remember.

在限时条件下练习完整作答，然后用评分方案为自己评分。这能养成给出考官所需内容的习惯，而不是只写你碰巧记住的东西。

12. Final Exam-Day Checklist | 考前最后检查清单

Use the first five minutes of the exam to read every question carefully and underline the command words. Plan the order in which you will answer, starting with the questions you find easiest, but always leave time for the high-mark extended questions.

利用考试最初的五分钟仔细阅读每道题，并圈出指令词。规划答题顺序，先做你认为最容易的题目，但始终为高分扩展题留出时间。

Bring two pens, a pencil, a ruler and a watch or clock.
Underline command words and mark allocations.
Write the question number clearly for each answer.
Use short paragraphs and leave a blank line between points.
If you run out of time, write bullet points rather than leaving a blank.
Check that every answer matches the command word before you finish.

带上两支笔、一支铅笔、一把尺子和手表或时钟。
圈出指令词和分值。
每道答案清楚标注题号。
使用短段落，并在要点之间留一行空行。
如果时间不够，写要点也不要留空白。
结束前检查每道答案是否与指令词相符。

Remember that Cambridge IGCSE Psychology rewards clarity, accuracy and judgement. If you practise with past papers, use the command words, support every claim with evidence and evaluate explicitly, you will give the examiner exactly what the marking criteria require.

请记住，剑桥 IGCSE 心理学奖励清晰、准确与判断。如果你用历年真题练习、遵循指令词、用证据支持每个观点并明确评价，你就能给出评分标准所要求的内容。

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IGCSE Cambridge Psychology: Exam Technique and Marking Criteria | IGCSE 剑桥心理学：答题技巧与评分标准