📚 IGCSE Cambridge Sociology: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE Cambridge 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
In IGCSE Cambridge Sociology, terminology is not a memory test for its own sake; it is the language you use to explain how societies work. This guide groups essential terms by topic and pairs each explanation with a simple memory hook, so you can move from recognition to accurate application in short-answer and essay questions.
在 IGCSE Cambridge 社会学中，术语并不是单纯的记忆测试，而是你用来解释社会如何运作的语言。本指南按主题整理核心词汇，并为每个解释配上简单的记忆线索，帮助你从 “认识” 提升到在简答题和论述题中准确运用。
1. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group, including language, beliefs, customs, clothing and food. It is learned, shared and passed on from one generation to the next.
文化 指一个群体的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗、服饰和饮食。它是习得的、共享的，并代代相传。
Norms are unwritten rules that guide everyday behaviour, such as queuing, saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’, or wearing suitable clothes to a formal event. They can be formal or informal.
规范 是指导日常行为的不成文规则，例如排队、说 “请” 和 “谢谢”，或穿着适合正式场合的服装。它们可以是正式的，也可以是非正式的。
Values are beliefs about what is good, desirable and worth aiming for in a society, such as honesty, equality or respect. Values underpin norms; if a society values privacy, it may create a norm of knocking before entering.
价值观 是人们对社会中什么是好的、值得追求的看法，例如诚实、平等或尊重。价值观支撑着规范；如果一个社会重视隐私，就可能产生进门先敲门的规范。
| Term | Memory Hook |
|---|---|
| Culture | The whole ‘toolkit’ for living |
| Norms | Traffic lights of daily behaviour |
| Values | The engine behind the rules |
2. Socialisation and Its Agents | 社会化及其机构
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the culture of a society, including its norms, values, language and expected behaviours. It makes individuals functioning members of society.
社会化 是终身学习社会文化的过程，包括学习规范、价值观、语言和期望行为。它使个体成为社会中能正常发挥作用的成员。
Primary socialisation happens in early childhood, mainly through the family. It teaches basic language, close emotional bonds, and early moral ideas such as right and wrong.
初级社会化 发生在儿童早期，主要通过家庭进行。它教授基本语言、亲密情感纽带，以及早期的是非道德观念。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through agencies such as school, peer group, mass media, religion and the workplace. These agencies extend the individual’s knowledge of wider social roles.
次级社会化 在后期通过学校、同龄群体、大众传媒、宗教和工作场所等机构进行。这些机构扩展了个人对更广泛社会角色的认识。
Use the mnemonic FEW PRM for key agents of socialisation: Family, Education, Workplace, Peer group, Religion, Media.
可使用助记符 FEW PRM 来记忆主要的社会化机构：家庭、教育、工作场所、同龄群体、宗教、媒体。
- Family = first agent
- Education = formal rules
- Workplace = adult roles
- Peer group = fitting in
- Religion = moral framework
- Media = shared messages
3. Roles, Status and Identity | 角色、地位与身份
Status is a social position a person holds. Ascribed status is fixed at birth or not chosen, such as son, daughter, or age group. Achieved status is earned through effort, such as doctor, athlete or student prefect.
地位 是一个人所处的社会位置。先赋地位 在出生时或不由选择就已确定，例如儿子、女儿或年龄段。自致地位 是通过努力获得的，例如医生、运动员或学生干部。
Role is the expected behaviour attached to a status. A teacher’s role includes planning lessons, marking work and maintaining discipline. Status is the label, role is the script.
角色 是与某一地位相联系的期望行为。教师的角色包括备课、批改作业和维持纪律。地位是标签，角色是剧本。
Identity is the sense of who we are, shaped by culture, socialisation, gender, ethnicity, class and personal experiences. It can be individual and social.
身份 是对自我是谁的认知，受文化、社会化、性别、种族、阶级和个人经历影响。它可以是个人的，也可以是社会的。
Role conflict occurs when the demands of two or more statuses clash, such as a student who is also a part-time worker and must revise for an exam during a scheduled shift.
角色冲突 是指两个或多个地位的要求相互冲突，例如一名学生同时是兼职工作者，在排班时间必须复习考试。
4. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与偏差
Social control refers to the ways society encourages conformity and discourages deviance. Formal social control comes from official agencies such as the police, courts and schools; informal social control comes from family, friends and peer pressure.
社会控制 是指社会鼓励从众、抑制偏差行为的方式。正式社会控制 来自警察、法院和学校等官方机构；非正式社会控制 来自家庭、朋友和同伴压力。
Deviance is behaviour that breaks social norms. It is not always criminal; wearing pyjamas to a job interview may be deviant but not illegal. Deviant acts can be positive, such as civil disobedience that changes an unjust law.
偏差 是违反社会规范的行为。它并不总是犯罪；穿着睡衣去求职面试可能是偏差行为，但并不违法。偏差行为也可能具有积极意义，例如通过公民不服从改变不公正的法律。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. They can be formal positive (a certificate), formal negative (a fine), informal positive (a smile) or informal negative (being ignored).
奖惩 是用于执行规范的奖励或惩罚。它们可以是正式正向的（证书）、正式负向的（罚款）、非正式正向的（微笑）或非正式负向的（被忽视）。
Durkheim argued deviance has useful functions: it clarifies moral boundaries and can trigger social change. A quick memory hook is ‘deviance draws the line and sometimes moves it’.
涂尔干认为偏差具有有用功能：它明确了道德边界，并可能引发社会变迁。一个简短的记忆线索是 “偏差划出界限，有时也移动界限”。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors such as class, gender, ethnicity, age and disability. It creates inequalities in wealth, power and status.
社会分层 是根据阶级、性别、种族、年龄和残障等因素，对个人和群体进行的社会等级排列。它造成了财富、权力和地位上的不平等。
Life chances are the opportunities people have for good health, education, housing and employment. Sociologists use this term to show how stratification affects real outcomes, not just income.
生活机会 是指人们获得良好健康、教育、住房和就业的机会。社会学家用这个术语说明分层如何影响真实结果，而不仅仅是收入。
Social mobility is movement between social classes. Intergenerational mobility compares parents and children; intragenerational mobility compares stages within one person’s life. Meritocracy is a system where rewards are based on ability and effort, not inherited advantage.
社会流动 是社会阶级之间的移动。代际流动 比较父母与子女；代内流动 比较个人生命中的不同阶段。精英主义 是一种根据能力和努力而非继承优势给予回报的制度。
Remember CAGE for key divisions in stratification: Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity. These are overlapping systems of inequality.
记住 CAGE 表示分层中的关键划分：阶级、年龄、性别、种族。它们是相互重叠的不平等体系。
| Concept | Definition | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Stratification | Layered social hierarchy | Layers of a cake |
| Life chances | Opportunities for a good life | Forks that divide the cake |
| Social mobility | Moving between layers | Lift in the building |
6. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与种族
Sex is the biological difference between males and females based on chromosomes, hormones and anatomy. Gender is the social and cultural construction of masculine and feminine roles, behaviour and identity.
生理性别 是基于染色体、激素和解剖结构的男女生理差异。社会性别 是男性气质和女性气质角色、行为与身份的社会文化建构。
Gender role socialisation is the process through which individuals learn what society expects of their gender. Families may give different toys, schools may channel subject choices, and media may repeat stereotypes.
性别角色社会化 是个人学习社会对其性别期望的过程。家庭可能给予不同的玩具，学校可能引导学生选择不同科目，媒体可能不断重复刻板印象。
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold more power, authority and resources than women. Sociologists use the term to analyse gender inequality in work, family and politics.
父权制 是一种男性在权力、权威和资源上多于女性的社会制度。社会学家用这个术语分析工作、家庭和政治中的性别不平等。
Ethnicity refers to shared culture, language, history, religion and traditions, while race is often used to describe physical characteristics such as skin colour. Ethnicity is cultural; race is socially constructed but has real consequences.
族裔 指共享的文化、语言、历史、宗教和传统，而 种族 常被用来描述肤色等身体特征。族裔是文化的；种族是社会建构的，但会产生真实后果。
Stereotypes are fixed, oversimplified images of a group. Prejudice is an attitude based on stereotypes, and discrimination is behaviour that treats people unfairly because of their group membership.
刻板印象 是对某一群体的固定、过于简化的印象。偏见 是基于刻板印象的态度，歧视 是因群体身份而不公平对待他人的行为。
7. Family and Education | 家庭与教育
A nuclear family consists of two generations: parents and their dependent children. An extended family includes other relatives such as grandparents, aunts or uncles. Other forms include reconstituted, single-parent and same-sex families.
核心家庭 由两代人组成：父母及其受抚养子女。扩展家庭 包括其他亲属，例如祖父母、姑姨或叔伯。其他形式包括 重组家庭、单亲家庭 和 同性家庭。
The family performs key functions: primary socialisation, emotional support, economic provision and regulation of sexual behaviour. Critics say different family types can perform these functions equally well.
家庭承担着关键功能：初级社会化、情感支持、经济供养和性行为规范。批评者认为不同家庭类型同样可以很好地履行这些功能。
Education transmits knowledge and skills through the formal curriculum. It also teaches norms such as punctuality, obedience and competition through the hidden curriculum.
教育通过 正式课程 传递知识和技能。它还通过 隐性课程 教授守时、服从和竞争等规范。
The correspondence principle suggests that school mirrors the workplace: both demand hierarchy, routine and reward for compliance. This prepares students for future employment.
对应原则 认为学校反映职场的结构：两者都要求层级、例行程序和服从即有回报。这为学生未来就业做准备。
Memory hook: the family is the first classroom, and the school is the second society.
记忆线索：家庭是第一间教室，学校是第二个社会。
8. Media and Peer Group | 媒体与同龄群体
The mass media include television, newspapers, radio, film, social media and the internet. They transmit norms, values and news to large audiences at the same time.
大众传媒 包括电视、报纸、广播、电影、社交媒体和互联网。它们同时向大量受众传播规范、价值观和新闻。
Representation is how the media portray a group or issue. Repeated narrow representations can create or reinforce stereotypes, for example showing older people only as frail or dependent.
表征 是媒体如何呈现某一群体或议题。反复出现的狭隘表征会制造或强化 刻板印象，例如只把老年人描绘成虚弱或依赖他人。
Agenda-setting is the media’s power to decide which issues are seen as important. Audiences may then believe the most reported topics are the most serious, even if they are not the most common.
议程设置 是媒体决定哪些议题被视为重要的权力。受众可能因此认为报道最多的话题最为严重，即使它们并非最常见。
The peer group is a social group of similar age and status. It influences identity, fashion, language and behaviour, especially during adolescence. Peer pressure can be positive or negative, encouraging both hard work and rule-breaking.
同龄群体 是由年龄和地位相近的人组成的社会群体。它影响身份、时尚、语言和行为，尤其是在青春期。同伴压力 可以是积极的，也可以是消极的，既可能鼓励努力学习，也可能鼓励违规。
Short memory line: media tells us what to think about; peers tell us how to fit in.
短记忆句：媒体告诉我们该思考什么；同龄人告诉我们如何融入。
9. Research Methods in Sociology | 社会学研究方法
Primary data are collected first-hand by the researcher, such as questionnaires, interviews or observations. Secondary data already exist, such as official statistics, historical records or previous studies.
一手资料 由研究者亲自收集，例如问卷、访谈或观察。二手资料 已经存在，例如官方统计、历史记录或以往研究。
Quantitative data are numerical and allow statistical analysis and comparison. Qualitative data are in-depth, descriptive and rich in meaning, helping sociologists understand motives and feelings.
定量数据 是数值型数据，可以进行统计分析和比较。定性数据 深入、描述性强、含义丰富，有助于社会学家理解动机和感受。
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