IGCSE Cambridge Spanish: Grammar Formula Quick Reference | IGCSE 剑桥西班牙语：语法公式速查手册

📚 IGCSE Cambridge Spanish: Grammar Formula Quick Reference | IGCSE 剑桥西班牙语：语法公式速查手册

This quick-reference guide turns the essential IGCSE Cambridge Spanish grammar patterns into clear formulas. Use it to check endings, word order and common pitfalls before the reading, writing, listening and speaking papers.

本手册将 IGCSE 剑桥西班牙语核心语法模式整理为清晰公式，便于你在阅读、写作、听力和口语考试前快速核对词尾、语序和常见易错点。

1. Gender and Number of Nouns | 名词的性与数公式

Most Spanish nouns ending in -o are masculine, while most ending in -a are feminine. Nouns ending in -dad, -tad, -ción, -sión and -umbre are usually feminine, and nouns ending in -ma, -pa and -ta of Greek origin are often masculine, such as el problema and el mapa.

大多数以 -o 结尾的西班牙语名词是阳性，以 -a 结尾的名词多为阴性。以 -dad、-tad、-ción、-sión 和 -umbre 结尾的名词通常为阴性；以 -ma、-pa、-ta 结尾的希腊来源名词常为阳性，例如 el problema 和 el mapa。

To form the plural, add -s if the singular ends in a vowel, add -es if it ends in a consonant, and change final -z to -ces. Examples: libro → libros, papel → papeles, lápiz → lápices.

构成复数时，元音结尾加 -s，辅音结尾加 -es，结尾 -z 改为 -ces。例如：libro → libros，papel → papeles，lápiz → lápices。

Exam tip: el día is masculine despite ending in -a, and la mano is feminine despite ending in -o. Always learn the article together with the noun to avoid gender mistakes.

考试提示：el día 虽然以 -a 结尾却是阳性，la

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