IGCSE CCEA Chinese: Formula and Rules Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE CCEA 中文:公式定理速查手册

📚 IGCSE CCEA Chinese: Formula and Rules Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE CCEA 中文:公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook collects the most important sentence formulas, grammar rules and writing structures for the IGCSE CCEA Chinese examination. Use it alongside past papers to check accuracy, improve translation and plan essays more confidently.

本速查手册汇总了 IGCSE CCEA 中文考试中最常用的句型公式、语法规则和写作结构。建议搭配历年真题使用,帮助提升语言准确性、翻译能力和写作规划信心。

1. Core Word Order Formula | 核心语序公式

The basic sentence skeleton in Chinese follows: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. Unlike English, time and place usually come before the verb, not at the end.

中文基础句型的骨架是:主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。与英语不同,时间和地点通常放在动词之前,而不是句末。

Subject + Time + Place + V + O

Example: ‘I study Chinese at school every day’ should be arranged as ‘I every day at school study Chinese’.

例如:英文 I study Chinese at school every day 在中文中应排列为:我每天在学校学习中文。

When the time word is the topic of the sentence, it can also be placed before the subject, but the verb must remain at the end of the sentence core.

当时间词是句子的主题时,也可以放在主语之前,但动词仍应位于句子核心的末尾。


2. The 把 (bǎ) Disposal Formula | 把字句处置公式

The 把 sentence is used when an action changes the state or position of an object. The formula places the object before the verb and requires a result or complement after the verb.

把字句用于表示一个动作使宾语的状态或位置发生变化。公式将宾语放在动词之前,动词后必须有结果或补语。

S + 把 + O + V + Complement/了

Example: ‘Please close the door’ becomes ‘Please bǎ door close + result’.

例如:“请关门”可以说“请把门关上”。注意“关上”是结果补语。

Common mistake: do not use 把 with verbs that do not affect the object, such as 爱、知道、喜欢. Write ‘我爱你’ not ‘我把你爱’.

常见错误:表示心理或感知的动词如爱、知道、喜欢不能用于把字句。应写“我爱你”,不能写“我把你爱”。

In the negative form, 不 or 没 is placed before 把, not before the verb: 没把门关上.

否定形式中,“不”或“没”应放在“把”之前,而不是动词之前:没把门关上。


3. The 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | 被字句被动公式

The passive voice in Chinese often uses 被 to show that the subject receives the action. The agent can be omitted if it is unknown or unimportant.

中文被动句常用“被”表示主语承受动作。施动者如果未知或不重要,可以省略。

Receiver + 被 + (Agent) + V + Complement/了

Example: ‘The homework was finished by me’ becomes ‘Homework bèi I finish + le’.

例如:“作业被我写完了。”也可以省略施动者:“作业被写完了。”

In formal writing, 被 is common, but in some contexts 叫 or 让 can replace it in spoken style. For IGCSE writing, 被 is safer.

书面语中常用“被”,口语中有时用“叫”或“让”。在 IGCSE 写作中建议使用“被”更稳妥。

Remember that Chinese passives are used less frequently than English passives. If the agent is clear, an active sentence is often more natural.

请记住,中文被动句的使用频率低于英文。如果施动者明确,使用主动句往往更自然。


4. Comparison Formula: A 比 B + Adjective | 比较句公式:A 比 B + 形容词

To compare two things, use A + 比 + B + adjective. The adjective cannot be preceded by 很 or 非常, but can be followed by a complement such as 得多 or 一点儿.

比较两个事物时,使用 A + 比 + B + 形容词。形容词前不能加“很”或“非常”,但后面可以跟“得多”“一点儿”等补语。

A + 比 + B + Adj + (得多 / 一点儿)

Example: ‘This book is much more interesting than that one’ is ‘This book bǐ that book interesting + de duō’.

例如:“这本书比那本书有趣得多。”

For equality, use A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj. For negative comparison, use 不比 or 没有.

表示相同程度用 A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词。否定比较用“不比”或“没有”。

Example: 我跟他一样高。 我的中文没有他好。

例如:我跟他一样高。我的中文没有他好。


5. The 是…的 Emphasis Formula | 是…的 强调公式

This structure highlights time, place, manner or purpose of a completed action. It is very common in questions asking ‘when’, ‘where’ or ‘how’ something happened.

“是……的”结构强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式或目的。在询问“什么时候”“在哪里”“怎么”发生的问句中非常常见。

S + 是 + Time/Place/Manner + V + 的

Example: ‘When did you come to the UK?’ is ‘You shì when come UK de?’ in pattern form.

例如:“你是什么时候来英国的?”回答:“我是去年九月来英国的。”

Do not use 了 instead of 的 in this structure if the focus is on circumstance; use 是…的 to avoid errors.

如果焦点是情况而不是动作本身,不要用“了”代替“的”;使用“是……的”可以避免错误。

If the object is a person, the 的 can appear before the object: 我是昨天看见他的.

如果宾语是人,“的”可以出现在宾语之前:我是昨天看见他的。


6. Aspect Marker Formulas: 了 / 着 / 过 | 动态助词公式:了 / 着 / 过

Aspect markers are placed after verbs to show completion, continuation or experience. They are not tense markers but follow predictable sentence slots.

动态助词放在动词后,表示动作完成、持续或经历。它们不是时态标记,但在句中有固定位置。

V + 了 (completed) | V + 着 (ongoing) | V + 过 (experienced)

Examples: 我吃了饭 (I ate), 我正吃着饭 (I am eating), 我吃过北京烤鸭 (I have eaten Beijing duck before).

例如:我吃了饭(完成),我正吃着饭(持续),我吃过北京烤鸭(经历)。

For negative experience use 没 + V + 过; for negative completion use 没 + V. The 了 is removed in most negative sentences.

否定经历用“没 + 动词 + 过”;否定完成用“没 + 动词”。多数否定句中要省略“了”。

In sentences with a quantified object, 了 is needed: 我昨天买了三本书. If there is no quantity, the object often takes a modifier.

当宾语有数量修饰时,需要用了:我昨天买了三本书。如果宾语没有数量,通常需要加修饰语。


7. Resultative Complement Formula | 结果补语公式

Result complements indicate the outcome of an action. Common results include 完, 到, 见, 懂, 对, 错, 好. The formula is verb + result.

结果补语表示动作的结果。常见结果有完、到、见、懂、对、错、好。公式为:动词 + 结果补语。

V + 完 / 到 / 见 / 懂 / 好 / 错

Example: 看完 (finish watching), 找到 (find), 看见 (see), 听懂 (understand by listening), 写好 (finish writing).

例如:看完、找到、看见、听懂、写好。

In negative or potential forms, use 没 + V + result for past negative, and V + 得/不 + result for ability.

否定形式常用“没 + 动词 + 结果补语”;表示能力时用“动词 + 得/不 + 结果补语”。

Example: 没找到 (did not find), 听得懂 (can understand by listening), 听不懂 (cannot understand).

例如:没找到、听得懂、听不懂。


8. Directional Complement Formula | 趋向补语公式

Directional complements show movement relative to the speaker. Simple ones are 来 and 去; compound ones combine 上/下/进/出/回/过 with 来/去.

趋向补语表示动作相对说话人的方向。简单趋向补语是“来”和“去”;复合趋向补语由上/下/进/出/回/过与来/去组合。

V + 来 / 去 | V + 上来 / 下去 / 进来 / 出去Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com

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