IGCSE CCEA Engineering: Key Terms & Memory Guide | IGCSE CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE CCEA Engineering: Key Terms & Memory Guide | IGCSE CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南

In CCEA IGCSE Engineering, marks are often won or lost on precise technical language. Examiners expect you to define, apply and compare terms such as ‘tensile strength’, ‘tolerance’, ‘mechanical advantage’ and ‘life cycle assessment’ rather than giving vague descriptions. This guide groups the essential vocabulary into fast-revision themes with memory shortcuts.

在 CCEA IGCSE 工程考试中，分数往往取决于准确的技术语言。考官希望你能够定义、应用并比较“抗拉强度”“公差”“机械效益”和“生命周期评估”等术语，而不是给出模糊的描述。本指南将核心词汇按快速复习主题分组，并配有记忆技巧。

1. Why Terminology Matters | 为什么术语重要

Engineering is a practical subject, but CCEA questions regularly ask you to “state”, “define” or “explain” technical terms. A clear definition shows you understand the principle, not just the example. Using the correct word such as ‘shear’ instead of ‘sliding force’ can gain marks for subject knowledge.

工程是一门实践性学科，但 CCEA 试题经常要求你“陈述”“定义”或“解释”技术术语。清晰的定义表明你理解原理，而不仅仅是例子。使用正确的词语，例如“剪切”而不是“滑动力”，可以为学科知识得分。

Terminology also helps you read design briefs and specifications accurately. If you confuse ‘accuracy’ with ‘precision’ or ‘forming’ with ‘machining’, you may design the wrong solution. Terminology is the working language of an engineer.

术语还可以帮助你准确阅读设计简报和规范。如果混淆“准确度”和“精密度”，或者“成形”和“机加工”，你可能会设计出错误的方案。术语是工程师的工作语言。

2. Materials & Properties | 材料与性能

Ferrous metals contain iron, so most are magnetic and may rust. Mild steel is a common ferrous metal used for car bodies, frames and girders because it is strong and inexpensive.

黑色金属含铁，因此大多数具有磁性并且可能生锈。低碳钢是常见的黑色金属，用于车身、框架和大梁，因为它强度高且价格低廉。

Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron, so they resist rusting and are often easier to shape. Examples include aluminium, copper and brass. Aluminium is light and corrosion-resistant, making it useful for aircraft and drink cans.

有色金属不含铁，因此抗锈蚀，通常更容易成形。例子包括铝、铜和黄铜。铝轻且耐腐蚀，因此适用于飞机和饮料罐。

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to improve properties. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Stainless steel adds chromium to resist corrosion.

合金是两种或两种以上元素的混合物，其中至少一种为金属，用来改善性能。钢是铁和碳的合金。不锈钢添加铬以抵抗腐蚀。

Thermoplastics soften when heated and can be reshaped many times, such as acrylic and polythene. Thermosets become permanently hard after curing, such as epoxy resin and melamine.

热塑性塑料受热变软，可多次重新成形，例如丙烯酸和聚乙烯。热固性塑料固化后永久变硬，例如环氧树脂和三聚氰胺。

A composite combines two materials with different properties to gain strength with low weight. Glass-reinforced plastic uses glass fibres in a polymer matrix; it is used in boat hulls and sports equipment.

复合材料将两种性能不同的材料组合在一起，以获得高强度与低重量。玻璃纤维增强塑料在聚合物基体中使用玻璃纤维，用于船体和运动器材。

3. Forces, Loads & Stress | 力、载荷与应力

Tension pulls a material, compression squashes it, shear slides layers past each other, torsion twists it, and bending combines tension and compression. These five load types appear frequently in structures and mechanical parts.

拉伸拉拽材料，压缩挤压材料，剪切使各层相对滑动，扭转使材料扭转，弯曲则同时包含拉伸与压缩。这五种载荷类型经常出现在结构和机械零件中。

Stress measures force spread over area. The unit is newtons per square metre, also called pascals, but N/mm² is common in engineering. Use the formula:

应力衡量单位面积上的力。单位是牛顿每平方米，也称帕斯卡，但工程中常用 N/mm²。使用公式：

stress = force ÷ cross-sectional area

Strain compares extension to the original length and has no units. It can be written as a decimal or percentage. For example, a 2 mm extension on a 100 mm bar gives a strain of 0.02 or 2%.

应变将伸长量与原长比较，没有单位。它可以写成小数或百分比。例如，100 mm 棒材伸长 2 mm，应变为 0.02 或 2%。

Factor of safety is the failure load divided by the working load. A higher value means a safer but heavier and more expensive design. Aircraft may use a lower factor than bridges to save weight.

安全系数是破坏载荷除以工作载荷。较高的值意味着更安全但更重、更昂贵的设计。飞机可能使用比桥梁更低的安全系数以节省重量。

4. Mechanisms & Motion | 机构与运动

A lever rotates around a pivot or fulcrum and can amplify force or distance. Mechanical advantage is load divided by effort. A lever with MA greater than 1 reduces the effort needed to move a load.

杠杆绕支点或转轴旋转，可以放大力或距离。机械效益等于负载除以作用力。机械效益大于 1 的杠杆可减少移动负载所需的作用力。

mechanical advantage = load ÷ effort

Velocity ratio compares the distance moved by effort to the distance moved by load, ignoring friction. For ideal machines, VR equals MA, but real machines always lose some effort to friction.

速度比是作用力移动距离与负载移动距离之比，忽略摩擦。对于理想机械，VR 等于 MA，但真实机械总会因摩擦损失一些作用力。

velocity ratio = distance moved by effort ÷ distance moved by load

Efficiency is useful output work divided by input work, usually expressed as a percentage. No machine can be 100% efficient because friction, heat and sound consume energy.

效率是有效输出功除以输入功，通常以百分比表示。由于摩擦、热和声音消耗能量，任何机器都不可能达到 100% 效率。

Gears change speed and torque. A small driver gear turning a larger driven gear increases torque but reduces speed. A rack and pinion converts rotary motion into linear motion, as used in car steering.

齿轮改变转速和扭矩。小主动齿轮带动大从动齿轮可增大扭矩，但降低转速。齿轮齿条将旋转运动转化为直线运动，用于汽车转向。

A cam converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion, often operating a follower. A crank converts rotary motion into linear motion or vice versa, as in a bicycle or a piston engine.

凸轮将旋转运动转化为往复运动，通常驱动从动件。曲柄将旋转运动转化为直线运动，或反之，如自行车或活塞发动机。

5. Electronics & Control | 电子与控制

Voltage is electrical pressure measured in volts (V). Current is the flow of charge measured in amperes (A). Resistance opposes current and is measured in ohms (Ω). These three are linked by Ohm’s law:

电压是电压力，单位为伏特（V）。电流是电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。电阻阻碍电流，单位为欧姆（Ω）。这三者由欧姆定律联系：

V = I × R

Power is the rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W). In electrical circuits, use power = voltage × current:

功率是能量传递的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。在电路中，功率 = 电压 × 电流：

P = V × I

In series circuits, current is the same everywhere and total resistance increases because resistances add. In parallel circuits, voltage is the same across branches and total resistance decreases because more paths are available for current.

在串联电路中，各处电流相同，总电阻增大，因为电阻相加。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，总电阻减小，因为电流有更多通路。

Control systems follow an input-process-output model. A thermistor senses temperature as an input, a microcontroller processes the signal, and a motor, buzzer or LED acts as the output.

控制系统遵循输入—处理—输出模型。热敏电阻感应温度作为输入，微控制器处理信号，电机、蜂鸣器或 LED 作为输出。

Analogue signals change continuously, while digital signals have only high/low states. Microcontrollers read digital signals easily, so analogue sensors often need an analogue-to-digital converter.

模拟信号连续变化，而数字信号只有高/低两种状态。微控制器容易读取数字信号，因此模拟传感器通常需要模数转换器。

6. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Casting is pouring molten material into a mould and allowing it to solidify. Sand casting is common for complex metal parts; die casting uses a metal mould for high-volume production.

铸造是将熔融材料倒入模具中并使其凝固。砂型铸造常用于复杂金属零件；压铸使用金属模具进行大批量生产。

Forming changes the shape of a material without removing material, such as bending, forging, rolling or press forming. Machining removes material using cutting tools to create the desired shape.

成形在不移除材料的情况下改变材料形状，例如弯曲、锻造、轧制或冲压成形。机加工使用切削刀具移除材料以获得所需形状。

Drilling makes holes, turning produces cylindrical parts on a lathe, and milling uses rotating cutters to shape flat or complex surfaces. These are subtractive processes because they remove waste material.

钻孔加工孔，车削在车床上加工圆柱形零件，铣削使用旋转刀具加工平面或复杂表面。这些是减

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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