📚 IGCSE CCEA Law: Legal Terminology Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE CCEA 法律：词汇术语速记指南
This revision guide helps IGCSE CCEA Law students master the legal vocabulary that appears most often in examination papers. It groups key terms by topic and gives a short, clear meaning for each one, so you can revise efficiently and use the terms accurately in your answers.
本速记指南帮助 IGCSE CCEA 法律课程的学生掌握考试中最常出现的法律词汇。它按主题对关键术语进行分组，并为每个术语给出简洁清晰的含义，让你能够高效复习，并在答题时准确使用这些术语。
1. Key Sources of Law | 法律的主要渊源
In CCEA Law, you must separate statute law from common law. Statute law is made by Parliament through Acts, such as the Theft Act 1968. Common law, also called case law, is created by judges when they decide cases and set precedents.
在 CCEA 法律课程中，你必须区分成文法与普通法。成文法是由议会通过法案制定的法律，例如《1968 年盗窃法》。普通法，又称判例法，是法官在裁决案件并确立先例时创造的法律。
Precedent rests on two Latin ideas: ratio decidendi means the legal reason for the decision and is binding on lower courts; obiter dicta means ‘things said by the way’ and is not binding but may be persuasive.
先例制度依赖两个拉丁概念：ratio decidendi 指判决的法律理由，对下级法院具有约束力；obiter dicta 指“附带意见”，不具有约束力，但可能具有说服力。
When judges interpret the wording of an Act, they use rules of statutory interpretation, including the literal rule, the golden rule and the mischief rule.
当法官解释法案的措辞时，他们会使用成文法解释规则，包括字面规则、黄金规则和弥补缺陷规则。
2. Criminal Law Terms | 刑法术语
Most crimes require two elements: actus reus, the guilty act, and mens rea, the guilty mind. For example, theft requires dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention to permanently deprive.
大多数犯罪需要两个要件：actus reus（犯罪行为）和 mens rea（犯罪意图）。例如，盗窃罪要求不诚实地占有属于他人的财产，并具有永久剥夺的意图。
Some offences are strict liability, meaning mens rea is not required for at least part of the act. The prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt in criminal cases.
有些罪行属于严格责任犯罪，意味着至少对行为的某一部分不要求犯罪意图。在刑事案件中，控方必须在排除合理怀疑的程度上证明被告有罪。
Offences may be summary, triable either way or indictable. Summary offences are less serious and usually heard in the Magistrates’ Court, while indictable offences are more serious and heard in the Crown Court.
犯罪可分为简易罪、可选择审判方式的犯罪和可公诉罪。简易罪较轻，通常在治安法院审理；可公诉罪较重，在刑事法院审理。
Do not confuse unlawful with illegal: in law, an act is unlawful if it breaks the law, but illegal often refers to criminal wrongdoing. Use the term the examiner expects in each context.
不要混淆 unlawful 与 illegal：在法律上，违法行为如果违反法律就是 unlawful，但 illegal 常指刑事不法行为。在每个语境中使用考官期望的术语。
3. Civil Law Terms | 民法术语
In civil law, the person bringing the case is the claimant and the person sued is the defendant. Common areas include contract law, tort law and negligence.
在民法中，提起诉讼的人称为原告，被起诉的人称为被告。常见领域包括合同法、侵权法和过失责任。
Tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss, such as negligence, nuisance or defamation. Negligence requires duty of care, breach of that duty, and damage caused by the breach.
侵权是指造成损害或损失的民事不法行为，例如过失、妨扰或诽谤。过失责任要求存在注意义务、违反该义务以及由该违反行为造成的损害。
The standard of proof in civil cases is the balance of probabilities, meaning the claimant’s version is more likely than not to be true. Remedies include damages, injunction and specific performance.
民事案件的证明标准是盖然性权衡，即原告的说法更有可能为真。救济方式包括损害赔偿、禁制令和实际履行。
A key difference from criminal law is the purpose: criminal law punishes wrongdoing, while civil law aims to compensate the injured party or put them back in the position they were in before the wrong.
与刑法的一个关键区别在于目的：刑法惩罚不法行为，而民法旨在赔偿受害方或使其恢复到不法行为发生前的状态。
4. Courts and Legal Personnel | 法院与法律人员
The court hierarchy in England and Wales starts with the Magistrates’ Court and County Court at the bottom, then the Crown Court and High Court, then the Court of Appeal, and finally the Supreme Court.
英格兰和威尔士的法院层级从底部的治安法院和郡法院开始，然后是刑事法院和高等法院，再到上诉法院，最后是最高法院。
Magistrates are unpaid volunteers who hear less serious criminal cases and some civil matters. Judges are legally qualified and preside over more serious or complex trials.
治安法官是无薪志愿者，审理较轻的刑事案件和一些民事事务。法官具备法律专业资格，主持较严重或复杂的审判。
Solicitors give legal advice and prepare cases, while barristers represent clients in higher courts. A jury of 12 people decides facts and reaches a verdict in Crown Court trials.
事务律师提供法律咨询并准备案件，而出庭律师在高等法院代表当事人。由 12 人组成的陪审团在刑事法院审判中认定事实并作出裁决。
Remember that the Supreme Court is not the same as the old House of Lords. Since 2009, the Supreme Court has been the final court of appeal in the UK for most cases.
请记住，最高法院不同于旧的上议院。自 2009 年以来，最高法院在英国大多数案件中已成为最终上诉法院。
5. Criminal Trial Process | 刑事审判流程
After arrest and charge, a defendant may be granted bail, which allows release from custody before trial, often with conditions. If bail is refused, the defendant is held on remand.
在被逮捕和指控后，被告可能获得保释，即在审判前获释，通常附带条件。如果保释被拒绝，被告将被还押候审。
At the start of the trial, the defendant enters a plea. A guilty plea leads directly to sentencing; a not guilty plea leads to a full trial with evidence and witnesses.
在审判开始时，被告进行答辩。认罪答辩将直接进入量刑；不认罪答辩则进入有证据和证人的完整审判。
If the jury or magistrates return a guilty verdict, the judge passes a sentence. This can be custodial, such as imprisonment, or non-custodial, such as a fine, community order or discharge.
如果陪审团或治安法官作出有罪裁决，法官将宣判刑罚。刑罚可以是监禁刑，如入狱，也可以是非监禁刑，如罚款、社区令或释放。
When a defendant appeals, the higher court may uphold, quash or vary the decision. Uphold means agree with the original decision, while quash means cancel it.
当被告上诉时，上级法院可以维持、撤销或变更原判决。维持指同意原判决，而撤销指取消原判决。
6. Civil Trial Process | 民事审判流程
A civil case begins when the claimant issues a claim form. The defendant then files a defence, setting out why they are not liable.
民事案件从原告发出起诉状开始。然后被告提交答辩状，说明其不承担责任的理由。
Before trial, the parties go through disclosure, where they exchange relevant documents. Many cases are settled out of court to save time and costs.
审判前，双方进行证据披露，交换相关文件。许多案件在庭外和解，以节省时间和费用。
If a case goes to trial, witnesses give evidence and the judge decides liability. If the claimant wins, the court awards a remedy, most often damages.
如果案件进入审判，证人提供证据，法官决定责任归属。如果原告胜诉，法院判给救济，最常见的是损害赔偿。
An injunction is a court order telling a person to stop doing something or to do a specific act. It is used when damages alone would not be enough, such as to stop a nuisance.
禁制令是法院命令某人停止做某事或做特定行为的命令。当仅靠损害赔偿不够时使用，例如制止妨扰行为。
7. Legal Reasoning and Doctrine | 法律推理与原则
Binding precedent means a lower court must follow the ratio of a higher court in a similar case. Persuasive precedent may come from a lower court or another jurisdiction and is not compulsory.
有约束力的先例意味着下级法院必须在类似案件中遵循上级法院的判决理由。具有说服力的先例可能来自下级法院或其他司法管辖区，不具有强制性。
Judges can avoid following a precedent by distinguishing the facts, or they can change the law by overruling a previous decision. Reversing occurs when an appeal court changes the decision in the same case.
法官可以通过区别案件事实来避免遵循先例，也可以通过推翻先前的判决来改变法律。改判是指上诉法院在同一案件中改变原判决。
The literal rule gives words their ordinary dictionary meaning. The golden rule avoids absurd results, and the mischief rule looks at the gap in the old law that Parliament intended to fill.
字面规则赋予词语普通的字典含义。黄金规则避免荒谬的结果，而弥补缺陷规则关注旧法律中议会意图填补的漏洞。
Stare decisis is the Latin phrase for the doctrine of precedent. It means ‘to stand by things decided’, and it makes the common law consistent and predictable.
Stare decisis 是先例原则的拉丁语表述。它的意思是“遵循已决事项”，这使得普通法具有一致性和可预测性。
8. Human Rights and Justice | 人权与司法
The rule of law means that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. The separation of powers divides law-making, executive and judicial functions to prevent abuse of power.
法治意味着包括政府在内的每个人都受法律约束。权力分立将立法、行政和司法职能分开，以防止权力滥用。
Judicial review is a process where courts check that public bodies have acted lawfully. Natural justice requires fair procedures, such as the right to be heard and freedom from bias.
司法审查是法院检查公共机构是否依法行事的程序。自然正义要求公平的程序，例如获得听证的权利和不受偏见影响。
Under the Human Rights Act 1998, key rights include the right to life, freedom from torture, the right to a fair trial, and respect for private and family life.
根据《1998 年人权法》，关键权利包括生命权、免于酷刑的自由、获得公平审判的权利以及尊重私人和家庭生活的权利。
Ultra vires means ‘beyond powers’. If a public body acts ultra vires, a court can quash its decision through judicial review because the body exceeded its legal authority.
Ultra vires 意为“超越权限”。如果公共机构超越权限行事，法院可以通过司法审查撤销其决定，因为该机构超越了法律授权。
9. Examination Vocabulary and Command Words | 考试词汇与指令词
CCEA Law questions often use command words such as ‘define’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’, ‘analyse’ and ‘evaluate’. Define means give the precise legal meaning, while evaluate means weigh strengths and weaknesses and reach a judgement.
CCEA 法律试题经常使用指令词，如“定义”、“描述”、“解释”、“分析”和“评价”。定义指给出准确的法律含义，而评价指权衡优缺点并作出判断。
When you define a term, include its legal test where possible. For example, define assault as intentionally causing another person to apprehend immediate unlawful force, not as a physical attack.
当你定义术语时，尽可能包含其法律检验标准。例如，将侵犯他人身体定义为故意使他人担心即将遭受非法暴力，而不是将其定义为身体攻击。
Use the exact vocabulary in context: say ‘the defendant’s actus reus must be voluntary’ rather than ‘the defendant did something wrong’. This shows the examiner you understand legal concepts.
在语境中准确使用词汇：说“被告的犯罪行为必须是自愿的”，而不是“被告做了错事”。这向考官表明你理解法律概念。
Keep a glossary of all the terms in this guide. Under each term, write the definition, a case example if relevant, and one sentence showing how to
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