IGCSE CCEA Philosophy: Key Terms & Memory Guide | IGCSE CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE CCEA Philosophy: Key Terms & Memory Guide | IGCSE CCEA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

This guide covers the essential philosophical terms you need to recall, define and apply in IGCSE CCEA Philosophy. Each section pairs the English term with a concise Chinese explanation and a memory hook where useful.

本指南涵盖 IGCSE CCEA 哲学中需要记忆、定义和运用的核心哲学术语。每个小节将英文术语与简明中文解释配对，并在有用处提供记忆钩子。

1. Arguments and Logic | 论证与逻辑

Argument: a structured set of claims in which reasons (premises) are offered to support a conclusion.

论证：一组有结构的陈述，其中理由（前提）被用来支持结论。

Premise: a reason or piece of evidence that supports a conclusion in an argument.

前提：在论证中支持结论的理由或证据。

Conclusion: the statement that an argument tries to establish or prove.

结论：论证试图确立或证明的陈述。

Deductive argument: aims to guarantee the conclusion if the premises are true; the conclusion follows necessarily.

演绎论证：旨在保证如果前提为真，结论必然成立；结论是必然推导出来的。

Inductive argument: aims to make the conclusion probable based on evidence, not certain.

归纳论证：旨在根据证据使结论具有可能性，而非确定性。

Valid: a deductive argument is valid if the conclusion must be true whenever the premises are true.

有效：如果每当前提为真时结论必然为真，则一个演绎论证是有效的。

Sound: a deductive argument is sound if it is valid and all its premises are actually true.

可靠：如果一个演绎论证有效且其所有前提实际上为真，则它是可靠的。

Fallacy: a common but flawed pattern of reasoning that makes an argument weak or invalid.

谬误：一种常见但有缺陷的推理模式，使论证薄弱或无效。

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2. Epistemology: Knowledge Terms | 知识论：知识术语

Knowledge: traditionally defined as justified true belief; you know something when you believe it, it is true, and you have good reasons.

知识：传统上被定义为得到辩护的真信念；当你相信某事、它真实且你有充分理由时，你就知道它。

Belief: an attitude that a proposition is true; you can believe false things, so belief alone is not knowledge.

信念：认为一个命题为真的态度；你可以相信错误的事情，因此仅有信念不等于知识。

Justification: the reasons or evidence that support a belief and turn it into knowledge.

辩护：支持一个信念并使其成为知识的理由或证据。

Empiricism: the view that all knowledge comes ultimately from sense experience.

经验主义：认为所有知识最终来自感觉经验的观点。

Rationalism: the view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and some ideas are innate.

理性主义：认为理性是知识的主要来源，某些观念是与生俱来的观点。

Scepticism: the view that knowledge is difficult or impossible; we should question whether our beliefs are justified.

怀疑论：认为知识很难或不可能获得；我们应质疑自己的信念是否有理由辩护。

A priori: knowledge that can be known independently of experience, e.g. ‘all bachelors are unmarried’.

先验知识：能够不依赖经验而获得的知识，例如 ‘所有单身汉都未婚’。

A posteriori: knowledge that depends on experience or observation, e.g. ‘it is raining outside’.

后验知识：依赖于经验或观察的知识，例如 ‘外面正在下雨’。

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3. Ethics: Moral Vocabulary | 伦理学：道德词汇

Ethics: the philosophical study of right and wrong, good and bad, and how we ought to live.

伦理学：对是非、善恶以及我们应当如何生活的哲学研究。

Morality: the set of beliefs, values and rules that guide actual behaviour in a person or society.

道德：指导个人或社会实际行为的一套信念、价值观和规则。

Utilitarianism: the ethical theory that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

功利主义：一种伦理理论，认为正确的行为是为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。

Deontology: the ethical theory that some actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences, based on duty or rules.

义务论：一种伦理理论，认为某些行为本身对错与否取决于义务或规则，而不论后果如何。

Virtue ethics: the approach that focuses on the character of the moral agent and virtues such as courage, honesty and compassion.

德性伦理学：一种关注道德行为者品格以及勇气、诚实和同情等德性的进路。

Moral relativism: the view that moral truths vary between cultures or individuals, so there is no universal moral standard.

道德相对主义：认为道德真理因文化或个人而异，因此不存在普遍的道德标准。

Moral absolutism: the view that certain actions are always right or always wrong, no matter the culture or situation.

道德绝对主义：认为某些行为无论文化或情境如何，始终是对的或始终是错的。

Conscience: the inner sense of right and wrong, often seen as a guide to moral decisions.

良心：对是非的内在感知，通常被视为道德决策的向导。

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4. Philosophy of Mind | 心灵哲学

Mind: the part of a person that thinks, feels, perceives and chooses; not directly observable.

心灵：人思考、感受、感知和选择的部分；不能直接观察。

Mind-body problem: the question of how the mental and the physical are related.

身心问题：心理与物理如何关联的问题。

Dualism: the view that mind and body are two distinct kinds of substance, often associated with Descartes.

二元论：认为心灵和身体是两种不同实体的观点，常与笛卡尔相关联。

Materialism (physicalism): the view that only physical matter exists, and mental states are brain states.

唯物主义（物理主义）：认为只有物理物质存在，心理状态即大脑状态。

Consciousness: the subjective awareness of one’s own thoughts, feelings and surroundings.

意识：对自身思想、感受和周围环境的主观觉察。

Qualia: the raw, subjective qualities of experience, such as the redness of red or the pain of a headache.

感受质：经验中原始的主观特质，例如红色的红感或头痛的痛感。

Free will: the ability to choose and act otherwise; the belief that our choices are not fully determined by prior causes.

自由意志：能够作出不同选择并采取行动的能力；相信我们的选择不被先前原因完全决定。

Determinism: the view that every event, including human actions, is causally determined by prior events.

决定论：认为每个事件（包括人类行为）都被先前事件因果决定。

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5. Philosophy of Religion | 宗教哲学

Theism: belief in the existence of at least one god, especially a personal creator who is involved in the world.

有神论：相信至少存在一个神，尤其是一位参与世界的位格创造者。

Atheism: the absence of belief in any god, or the positive claim that no god exists.

无神论：不相信任何神，或正面主张没有神存在。

Agnosticism: the view that we cannot know whether God exists or not; the evidence is insufficient.

不可知论：认为我们无法知道上帝是否存在；证据不足。

Omnipotence: the attribute of being all-powerful; able to do all that is logically possible.

全能：拥有无限能力的属性；能做所有逻辑上可能的事。

Omniscience: the attribute of knowing everything, including all truths and perhaps future free choices.

全知：知道一切的属性，包括所有真理以及可能未来的自由选择。

Omnibenevolence: the attribute of being perfectly good and loving.

全善：完全良善和慈爱的属性。

Cosmological argument: an argument for God’s existence that starts from the existence of the universe and argues for a first cause or necessary being.

宇宙论论证：从宇宙的存在出发，论证第一因或必然存在的上帝存在的论证。

Teleological argument: an argument for God’s existence based on apparent design, purpose or

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