📚 IGCSE CCEA Spanish: Formula and Rule Quick Reference | IGCSE CCEA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook treats Spanish grammar as a set of repeatable formulas. When you learn the pattern, you can generate hundreds of sentences for the CCEA IGCSE Spanish exam. Keep this by your side for writing, speaking and translation tasks.
本速查手册把西班牙语语法当作一套可重复使用的公式。只要你掌握这些模式，就能在 CCEA IGCSE 西班牙语考试中生成大量句子。写作、口语和翻译练习时，请把它放在手边随时查阅。
1. Present Tense Formula | 现在时变位公式
In Spanish, the present tense is built from three verb families: -ar, -er and -ir. Remove the infinitive ending and add the present-tense ending that matches the subject.
在西班牙语中，现在时由三类动词构成：-ar、-er 和 -ir。去掉不定式词尾，再加上与主语匹配的现在时词尾。
hablar → habl- + -o = hablo
comer → com- + -o = como
vivir → viv- + -o = vivo
The present-tense endings are regular for most verbs, but you must learn the three patterns. The table below shows the full set.
大多数动词的现在时词尾是规则的，但你必须记住这三种模式。下表显示完整词尾。
| Subject | -ar ending | -er ending | -ir ending |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o | -o | -o |
| tú | -as | -es | -es |
| él/ella/usted | -a | -e | -e |
| nosotros/nosotras | -amos | -emos | -imos |
| vosotros/vosotras | -áis | -éis | -ís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an | -en | -en |
Some common verbs change their stem vowel in the present tense. Learn the patterns e→ie, o→ue, e→i and u→ue.
一些常用动词在现在时中会改变词干元音。请记住 e→ie、o→ue、e→i 和 u→ue 这几种模式。
querer → quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren
dormir → duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen
pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
2. Key Preterite Formula | 关键一般过去时公式
The preterite tense describes completed actions in the past. The formula is regular for each verb family.
一般过去时描述过去已经完成的动作。每个动词词族都有规则的公式。
hablar → habl- + -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
comer → com- + -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
vivir → viv- + -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
Notice that -er and -ir verbs share the same preterite endings. The first and third person singular forms need written accents on the final vowel.
注意 -er 和 -ir 动词的一般过去时词尾相同。第一人称和第三人称单数的最后一个元音需要加重音符号。
Key irregular preterite forms often appear in reading and listening papers. Memorise ser, ir, tener, estar, hacer and decir.
关键的不规则一般过去时形式经常出现在阅读和听力试题中。请熟记 ser、ir、tener、estar、hacer 和 decir。
ser/ir → fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron
tener → tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron
hacer → hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron
Use time markers such as ayer, anoche, el año pasado and la semana pasada with the preterite.
使用 ayer、anoche、el año pasado 和 la semana pasada 等时间标记来配合一般过去时。
3. Imperfect Tense Formula | 未完成过去时公式
The imperfect tense describes ongoing, habitual or background actions in the past. It is one of the easiest tenses to form because there are very few irregular verbs.
未完成过去时描述过去持续进行、习惯性或背景性的动作。它是最容易构成的时态之一，因为不规则动词非常少。
hablar → habl- + -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
comer/vivir → com-/viv- + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
The only irregular verbs in the imperfect are ir, ser and ver. Learn them as fixed formulas.
未完成过去时中只有 ir、ser 和 ver 三个不规则动词。请把它们当作固定公式来记忆。
ir → iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban
ser → era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran
ver → veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían
Use the imperfect with phrases such as cuando era pequeño, todos los días, siempre and mientras.
将未完成过去时与 cuando era pequeño、todos los días、siempre 和 mientras 等短语搭配使用。
4. Future and Conditional Formulas | 将来时与条件式公式
The future and conditional tenses share a very useful pattern: attach the ending directly to the full infinitive. This means -ar, -er and -ir verbs all follow the same formula.
将来时和条件式有一个非常有用的共同模式：直接把词尾加在完整不定式后面。这意味着 -ar、-er 和 -ir 动词都遵循同一公式。
future: hablar + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án → hablaré, hablarás…
conditional: hablar + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían → hablaría, hablarías…
Several common verbs use irregular stems in the future and conditional. The endings remain exactly the same.
一些常用动词在将来时和条件式中使用不规则词干。词尾则完全不变。
decir → dir- + ending | hacer → har- + ending | poder → podr- + ending
tener → tendr- + ending | querer → querr- + ending | saber → sabr- + ending
Use the future to talk about plans and predictions, and the conditional to say what would happen or to make polite requests.
使用将来时谈论计划和预测，使用条件式表达会发生什么或提出礼貌请求。
Me gustaría reservar una mesa. = I would like to book a table.
5. Perfect Tense Formula | 现在完成时公式
The perfect tense links a past action to the present. The formula is: present tense of haber + past participle.
现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来。公式是：haber 的现在时 + 过去分词。
he/has/ha/hemos/habéis/han + hablado/comido/vivido
Regular past participles end in -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs.
规则过去分词中，-ar 动词以 -ado 结尾，-er 和 -ir 动词以 -ido 结尾。
Some high-frequency past participles are irregular and must be memorised.
一些高频过去分词是不规则的，必须记牢。
abrir → abierto | decir → dicho | escribir → escrito
hacer → hecho | ver → visto | volver → vuelto
poner → puesto | morir → muerto | romper → roto
Use the perfect tense with markers like hoy, esta semana, ya and todavía no.
现在完成时搭配 hoy、esta semana、ya 和 todavía no 等标记使用。
6. Near Future and Other Verbal Formulas | 近将来与其他动词短语公式
Spanish uses several verb-phrase formulas that act like grammar shortcuts. The near future is one of the most useful for all exam tasks.
西班牙语使用多个动词短语公式，就像语法捷径。近将来时是所有考试任务中最有用的公式之一。
ir a + infinitive → Voy a estudiar. = I am going to study.
tener que + infinitive → Tengo que trabajar. = I have to work.
hay que + infinitive → Hay que practicar. = One must practise.
acabar de + infinitive → Acabo de comer. = I have just eaten.
soler + infinitive → Suelo levantarme temprano. = I usually get up early.
estar + gerund → Estoy aprendiendo. = I am learning.
These formulas allow you to avoid complex conjugations while still producing accurate, natural Spanish.
这些公式让你避免复杂的动词变位，同时仍能产出准确、自然的西班牙语。
7. Reflexive Verbs and Pronoun Placement | 反身动词与代词位置公式
Reflexive verbs describe actions that you do to yourself. The formula is: reflexive pronoun + conjugated verb.
反身动词描述对自己做的动作。公式是：反身代词 + 变位动词。
me/te/se/nos/os/se + verb → Me levanto a las siete. = I get up at seven.
Common reflexive verbs include levantarse, acostarse, ducharse, vestirse, despertarse and lavarse.
常见反身动词包括 levantarse、acostarse、ducharse、vestirse、despertarse 和 lavarse。
Object pronouns also follow a clear position rule: before a conjugated verb, but attached to an infinitive or gerund.
宾语代词也遵循明确的位置规则：放在变位动词之前，但附着在不定式或动名词之后。
Lo compro. → I buy it. | Voy a comprarlo. → I am going to buy it.
Estoy haciéndolo. → I am doing it. | Lo estoy haciendo. → I am doing it.
With affirmative commands the pronoun attaches to the end: Cómpralo. With negative commands it moves before: No lo compres.
肯定命令式中代词附着在动词末尾：Cómpralo。否定命令式中代词移到动词之前：No lo compres。
8. Gustar and Back-to-Front Verbs | Gustar 类反向动词公式
Gustar and similar verbs do not mean ‘to like’ in the usual English word order. The formula is: indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + subject.
Gustar 以及类似动词并不按照英语的常见语序表示“喜欢”。公式是：间接宾语代词 + gusta/gustan + 主语。
Me gusta el español. = Spanish pleases me. / I like Spanish.
Me gustan los libros. = Books please me. / I like books.
Use gusta with a singular noun or an infinitive, and gustan with a plural noun.
单数名词或不定式使用 gusta，复数名词使用 gustan。
Other verbs that follow the same back-to-front formula include encantar, interesar, parecer, doler and importar.
其他遵循相同反向公式的动词包括 encantar、interesar、parecer、doler 和 importar。
Me encanta viajar. = I love travelling. | A Juan le interesa la música. = Music interests Juan.
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