📚 IGCSE WJEC PE: Case Study Practical Drill | IGCSE WJEC 体育：案例分析实战演练
Case study questions in WJEC Physical Education reward application, not just recall. A mark scheme may ask you to explain why a performer’s power is weak, justify a six-week training block, or evaluate the influence of a socio-cultural factor. This practical drill works through a single 800 m runner, Maya, so you can practise moving from data to diagnosis, and from diagnosis to a justified plan.
WJEC 体育的案例分析题考查的是应用，而不只是记忆。评分标准可能要求你解释运动员爆发力弱的原因，说明六周训练计划的合理性，或评价某项社会文化因素的影响。本实战演练围绕一名 17 岁 800 米跑运动员 Maya 展开，帮助你练习从数据到诊断、再从诊断到有理有据的计划。
1. Know the Case Study Command Words | 熟悉案例题指令词
WJEC case items use command words such as ‘identify’, ‘describe’, ‘explain’ and ‘evaluate’. ‘Identify’ needs a short named response; ‘describe’ needs a characteristic or sequence; ‘explain’ needs a reason linked to performance; ‘evaluate’ needs two sides and a justified conclusion.
WJEC 案例题常用指令词包括 identify（指出）、describe（描述）、explain（解释）和 evaluate（评价）。Identify 只需要简短命名；describe 需要写出特征或过程；explain 必须给出与运动表现相关的原因；evaluate 则要写出正反两面并作出有依据的结论。
| Command word | 指令词 | What it asks | 题目要求 | Example from the case | 案例示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Identify | 指出 | Name one weakness | 说出一个弱点 | Power | 爆发力 |
| Describe | 描述 | Give features of the weakness | 描述弱点特征 | Low vertical jump, slow block start | 纵跳低、起跑慢 |
| Explain | 解释 | Why it affects 800 m pace | 为什么影响 800 米配速 | Less force per stride, slower acceleration | 每步力量小、加速慢 |
| Evaluate | 评价 | Weigh options and conclude | 权衡方案并下结论 | Plyometrics vs weight training | 增强式训练 vs 负重训练 |
2. Build a Profile from the Data | 从数据中建立运动员画像
Start by comparing each test score to normative data and to Maya’s event demands. Her 30 m sprint is 4.9 s (average for a school runner), vertical jump 38 cm (below average), multi-stage fitness test 9.4 (above average), sit-and-reach 17 cm (good), and 800 m time 2:38 (has not improved for six weeks).
首先要将每项测试成绩与常模数据以及 800 米项目要求进行比较。她的 30 米冲刺为 4.9 秒（校队水平中等），纵跳 38 厘米（低于平均），多阶段体能测试 9.4 级（高于平均），坐位体前屈 17 厘米（良好），800 米成绩 2 分 38 秒（六周未提高）。
The pattern suggests aerobic endurance is a strength, while power and acceleration are limiting factors. Use this profile to select one priority weakness rather than listing several.
这一模式说明有氧耐力是优势，而爆发力与加速能力是限制因素。利用画像选择一个优先弱点，而不是罗列多个弱点。
3. Movement Analysis in the 800 m | 800 米跑动作分析
For movement analysis, name the joint, joint action, agonist, antagonist, plane and axis. At take-off, the ankle performs plantar flexion; the gastrocnemius and soleus contract as agonists, while tibialis anterior relaxes as the antagonist.
动作分析要写出关节、关节动作、主动肌、拮抗肌、平面和轴。在蹬地时，踝关节做跖屈；腓肠肌和比目鱼肌作为主动肌收缩，胫骨前肌作为拮抗肌放松。
At the knee, the quadriceps group causes extension in the sagittal plane about a transverse axis. At the hip, the gluteals drive extension to propel the body forward.
膝关节由股四头肌群完成伸展，运动发生在矢状面，绕额状轴进行。髋关节由臀肌完成伸展，推动身体向前。
4. Link Fitness Components to Performance | 将体能要素与运动表现挂钩
Aerobic endurance allows Maya to maintain a high percentage of VO₂ max over two laps. Speed is needed for the final 200 m kick; power determines stride length and acceleration out of the start; flexibility helps maintain an efficient knee lift and reduces hamstring strain risk.
有氧耐力让 Maya 能在两圈中保持较高的最大摄氧量百分比。速度用于最后 200 米冲刺；爆发力决定步幅和起跑加速；柔韧性有助于保持高效的抬膝并降低腘绳肌拉伤风险。
When answering, do not just name a component. Link it to a specific phase of the race: power for the first 30 m and final kick, aerobic endurance for the middle 400 m, and speed for the last 200 m.
答题时不要只说出体能要素名称。要将其与比赛的特定阶段联系起来：爆发力用于前 30 米和最后冲刺，有氧耐力用于中间 400 米，速度用于最后 200 米。
5. Apply Training Principles and Periodisation | 应用训练原则与周期划分
Use SPORT to justify the plan: Specificity means plyometrics for power; Progression means increasing reps or box height by about 5% when 3 sets of 6 become easy; Overload uses the FITT formula; Reversibility warns against long rest; Tedium is avoided by varying drills.
用 SPORT 原则来论证计划：Specificity（针对性）指用增强式训练提高爆发力；Progression（渐进性）指当 3 组 6 次变得轻松时，将次数或跳箱高度增加约 5%；Overload（超负荷）使用 FITT 公式；Reversibility（可逆性）提醒避免长期停训；Tedium（单调性）通过变化练习避免厌倦。
To calculate a target heart rate for interval sessions, use the Karvonen formula.
计算间歇课目标心率可使用卡氏公式。
Target HR = RHR + intensity × (HRmax − RHR)
If Maya’s resting HR is 58 bpm and max HR is 203 bpm, working at 80% gives 58 + 0.80 × (203 − 58) = 174 bpm.
如果 Maya 的安静心率为 58 次/分，最大心率为 203 次/分，以 80% 强度训练，则为 58 + 0.80 ×（203 − 58）= 174 次/分。
6. Understand Energy System Interplay | 理解能量系统的交互作用
The 800 m is not a single-system event. The ATP-PC system supplies immediate energy for the first 6-10 seconds, anaerobic glycolysis dominates the fast start and final kick, and the aerobic system provides the largest share of ATP across the middle of the race.
800 米并非由单一供能系统完成。ATP-PC 系统在最初 6-10 秒提供即时能量；无氧糖酵解在快速起跑和最后冲刺阶段起主导作用；有氧系统在比赛中间阶段提供最大份额的 ATP。
ATP → ADP + Pi + energy
Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate and hydrogen ions (H⁺). Accumulation of H⁺ lowers muscle pH and is linked to fatigue, so training must improve lactate clearance and buffering.
无氧糖酵解会产生乳酸和氢离子（H⁺）。H⁺ 积累会使肌肉 pH 下降，并与疲劳相关，因此训练必须提高乳酸清除和缓冲能力。
7. Nutrition, Hydration and Recovery | 营养、补水与恢复
Endurance athletes need
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