📚 The WJEC IGCSE English Literature Formula Sheet | WJEC IGCSE 英语文学公式定理速查手册
In WJEC IGCSE English Literature, examiners do not want vague admiration; they want precise, evidence-based interpretation. This formula sheet turns literary analysis into a repeatable method: you identify a device, quote it, explain its effect, and link it to the question. The ‘formulas’ below are not mathematical rules but analytical templates that can be applied to poetry, prose, and drama under timed conditions.
在 WJEC IGCSE 英语文学考试中，考官并不想要含糊的赞美，而是要精准、基于证据的解读。这份速查手册把文学分析变成一套可重复的方法：识别手法、引用原文、解释效果，并紧扣题目。下面的 “公式” 不是数学规则，而是可在限时条件下应用于诗歌、散文和戏剧的分析模板。
1. Assessment Objectives and Command Words | 评分目标与指令词
WJEC IGCSE English Literature is marked against assessment objectives that reward personal response, analysis of language and structure, and understanding of context. Knowing the command words helps you direct every paragraph.
WJEC IGCSE 英语文学按评分目标打分，这些目标奖励个人回应、语言与结构分析以及对语境的理解。熟悉指令词有助于引导每个段落。
- Analyse – break down how meaning is created through writer’s choices. | 分析 – 分解作者选择如何创造意义。
- Explore – examine different layers of a text, including ambiguity. | 探讨 – 审视文本的不同层次，包括歧义。
- Compare – identify similarities and differences, linking both to the question. | 比较 – 找出相同与不同，并将两者与题目联系起来。
- Evaluate – make a judgement about effectiveness or impact. | 评价 – 对效果或影响作出判断。
AO2 often carries the most weight: you must explain how language, structure, and form create meaning. A useful mental check is to ask ‘What is the writer doing here, and why does it matter?’
评分目标 AO2 通常占分最重：你必须解释语言、结构和形式如何创造意义。一个有用的心理检查是问自己：”作者在这里做了什么，为什么重要？”
Response + Evidence + Interpretation = Mark
2. The Core Analysis Formula: Point-Evidence-Explain | 核心分析公式：观点-证据-解释
Every strong literature paragraph can be built from the P.E.E. structure, sometimes extended to P.E.E.L. by adding a link back to the question. This formula keeps your answer focused and prevents plot summary.
每个出色的文学段落都可以按照 “观点-证据-解释” 结构来写，有时扩展为 “观点-证据-解释-联系题目”。这个公式让你的答案保持聚焦，避免只概括情节。
Point → Evidence → Explanation → Link
A point is a clear claim about the text, such as ‘The simile in stanza two presents the speaker’s fear as overwhelming.’ The evidence should be a short, embedded quotation, and the explanation should unpack connotation, tone, and effect.
观点是对文本的清晰主张，例如 “第二节中的明喻将说话者的恐惧呈现为压倒性的”。证据应是简短的嵌入引文，解释部分应剖析内涵、语气和效果。
An alternative model is What-How-Why: What is the writer doing, How do they do it, and Why does it affect the reader. This gives you an analytical sentence stem for almost any text.
另一种模型是 What-How-Why：作者在做什么、如何做、为什么影响读者。这为你提供了几乎适用任何文本的分析句架。
Do not treat P.E.E. as a mechanical cage; after you gain confidence, you can vary the order. However, in the exam, returning to the formula under pressure is safer than drifting into description.
不要把 P.E.E. 当作机械的牢笼；建立信心后你可以改变顺序。但在考试中，面对压力回归公式比滑入描述更安全。
3. Literary Devices: The Essential Toolkit | 文学手法：必备工具箱
You do not need to name every device, but you must recognise the most common ones and explain their effects. Naming a device alone earns little credit; the effect is what matters.
你不需要说出每一种手法，但必须能识别最常见的并解释其效果。仅仅说出名称得分很少，效果才是关键。
| Device | 手法 | Definition | 定义 | Typical Effect | 典型效果 |
|---|---|---|
| Metaphor | 隐喻 | Direct comparison without ‘like’ or ‘as’ | 不用 “像” 或 “如” 的直接比较 | Creates vivid imagery and deeper meaning | 创造生动意象和深层含义 |
| Simile | 明喻 | Comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’ | 用 “像” 或 “如” 的比较 | Makes description more accessible | 使描述更易理解 |
| Personification | 拟人 | Giving human qualities to non-human things | 赋予非人类事物人的特质 | Creates empathy or a sense of threat | 产生共鸣或威胁感 |
| Alliteration | 头韵 | Repetition of initial consonant sounds | 词首辅音重复 | Draws attention to key words and creates rhythm | 突出关键词并制造节奏 |
| Enjambment | 跨行连续 | A sentence continues beyond the end of a line | 句子越过行尾继续 | Speeds up pace or mirrors overflowing emotion | 加快节奏或反映情感溢出 |
Use the formula ‘device + quotation + effect’ to turn
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