📚 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸
Respiration is the process by which living cells release energy from glucose. It is not the same as breathing; breathing is the physical process of taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, while respiration is a chemical reaction that occurs inside cells.
呼吸作用是活细胞从葡萄糖中释放能量的过程。它与呼吸运动（breathing）不同：呼吸运动是吸入氧气和排出二氧化碳的物理过程，而呼吸作用是发生在细胞内部的化学反应。
1. The Purpose of Respiration | 呼吸作用的目的
All living organisms require energy to stay alive. Respiration releases this energy from glucose through enzyme-controlled reactions.
所有生物都需要能量来维持生命。呼吸作用通过酶控反应从葡萄糖中释放能量。
The energy released is temporarily stored in a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cells use ATP for muscle contraction, active transport, cell division, and the synthesis of new substances.
释放的能量暂时储存在一种称为 ATP（三磷酸腺苷）的分子中。细胞利用 ATP 进行肌肉收缩、主动运输、细胞分裂和合成新物质。
For example, active transport in the kidney and absorption in the gut require energy from ATP. Growth and repair also depend on respiration.
例如，肾脏中的主动运输和肠道吸收都需要来自 ATP 的能量。生长和修复也依赖于呼吸作用。
Without respiration, cells would not be able to carry out the reactions needed for survival.
没有呼吸作用，细胞将无法进行维持生存所需的反应。
2. Aerobic Respiration: Word Equation | 有氧呼吸：文字方程式
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose completely. It releases a relatively large amount of energy.
有氧呼吸利用氧气将葡萄糖彻底分解，释放相对较多的能量。
The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
有氧呼吸的文字方程式为：
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量
This reaction is controlled by enzymes and occurs in the mitochondria of cells. It happens continuously in both plants and animals.
该反应由酶控制，发生在细胞的线粒体中，在植物和动物体内持续进行。
Aerobic respiration releases about 38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule, making it far more efficient than anaerobic processes.
每个葡萄糖分子经有氧呼吸可释放约 38 个 ATP 分子，因此其效率远高于无氧过程。
3. Balanced Symbol Equation | 平衡符号方程式
You should be able to write and interpret the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
你应该能够写出并解释有氧呼吸的平衡化学方程式。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量 (ATP)
One molecule of glucose reacts with six molecules of oxygen to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water.
一分子葡萄糖与六分子氧气反应，生成六分子二氧化碳和六分子水。
The equation shows the overall process, but in reality energy is released in a series of small steps catalysed by enzymes.
该方程式表示总反应过程，但实际上能量是在一系列由酶催化的小步骤中逐步释放的。
The energy released is used to generate ATP molecules for cellular work.
释放的能量用于生成 ATP 分子，供细胞活动使用。
4. Mitochondria and Energy Release | 线粒体与能量释放
Aerobic respiration takes place mainly in mitochondria, which are tiny organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
有氧呼吸主要发生在线粒体中，线粒体是真核细胞细胞质中的微小细胞器。
Cells with high energy requirements, such as muscle cells and liver cells, contain many mitochondria.
能量需求高的细胞，如肌肉细胞和肝细胞，含有大量线粒体。
The inner membrane of mitochondria has folds called cristae, which increase the surface area for the reactions of respiration.
线粒体内膜向内折叠形成嵴（cristae），增大了呼吸反应的表面积。
In the mitochondria, enzymes catalyse the breakdown of glucose and the release of energy in a series of steps.
在线粒体中，酶催化葡萄糖的分解，并通过一系列步骤释放能量。
Sperm cells, muscle fibres, and nerve cells are especially rich in mitochondria because they need large amounts of energy.
精子细胞、肌纤维和神经细胞尤其富含线粒体，因为它们需要大量能量。
5. Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles | 肌肉中的无氧呼吸
During vigorous exercise, the blood cannot supply oxygen to muscle cells quickly enough, so the cells also use anaerobic respiration.
在剧烈运动期间，血液无法快速向肌肉细胞提供足够的氧气，因此细胞也会利用无氧呼吸。
In muscles, anaerobic respiration converts glucose to lactic acid without using oxygen.
在肌肉中，无氧呼吸在无需氧气的情况下将葡萄糖转化为乳酸。
Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy
葡萄糖 → 乳酸 + 能量
The symbol equation is:
符号方程式为：
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + Energy
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + 能量
This process releases much less energy than aerobic respiration. Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue and pain.
这一过程释放的能量远少于有氧呼吸。乳酸会导致肌肉疲劳和酸痛。
After exercise, oxygen is needed to break down lactic acid in the liver. The extra oxygen required is called the oxygen debt.
运动后，身体需要氧气在肝脏中分解乳酸。这种额外需要的氧气称为氧债。
6. Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast | 酵母菌中的无氧呼吸
Yeast is a microorganism that can respire anaerobically in the absence of oxygen. This process is called fermentation.
酵母菌是一种微生物，在没有氧气的条件下可以进行无氧呼吸，这一过程称为发酵。
The word equation for fermentation is:
发酵的文字方程式为：
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳 + 能量
The symbol equation is:
符号方程式为：
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