📚 Alcohols, Esters and Carboxylic Acids | 醇、酯和羧酸
Alcohols, esters and carboxylic acids are three closely linked oxygen-containing organic families. Their interconversions, especially esterification and oxidation, form a central part of Cambridge A-Level Chemistry.
醇、酯和羧酸是三类密切相关的含氧有机物家族。它们的相互转化——尤其是酯化和氧化——是剑桥 A-Level 化学的核心内容。
1. Functional Groups and Classification | 官能团与分类
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl group –OH attached to a saturated carbon atom. Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group –COOH, while esters contain the –COO– linkage.
醇含有连接在饱和碳原子上的羟基 –OH；羧酸含有羧基 –COOH；酯则含有 –COO– 键。
Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary according to the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the –OH group.
根据与羟基所连碳原子相连的碳原子数目，醇可分为伯醇、仲醇和叔醇。
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Primary (1°) | RCH₂OH | Ethanol CH₃CH₂OH |
| Secondary (2°) | R₂CHOH | Propan-2-ol CH₃CH(OH)CH₃ |
| Tertiary (3°) | R₃COH | 2-Methylpropan-2-ol (CH₃)₃COH |
2. Naming Alcohols | 醇的命名
For IUPAC naming, choose
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