Cambridge A Level Business Chapter 1 Worksheet: Enterprise | 剑桥A Level商务第1章练习：企业

📚 Cambridge A Level Business Chapter 1 Worksheet: Enterprise | 剑桥A Level商务第1章练习：企业

This worksheet-style revision guide covers Chapter 1: Enterprise for Cambridge A Level Business. It includes concept checks, calculation practice, a data-response case and an evaluation question. Work through each section before checking the model answers at the end.

本练习式复习指南覆盖剑桥A Level商务第1章：企业。内容包含概念自测、计算练习、数据回应案例和评价题。请先完成各节练习，再核对结尾的参考答案。

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1. Overview of Chapter 1: Enterprise | 第1章概览：企业

Chapter 1 introduces enterprise as the ability and willingness to take risks, organise resources and make decisions to produce goods or services that customers want. The central idea is adding value: a business pays for inputs, transforms them, and sells the output for a higher price than the cost of the bought-in materials.

第1章介绍企业精神，即识别机会、承担风险、组织资源并做出决策，以生产顾客需要的商品或服务。核心概念是附加值：企业购买投入品，经过加工或服务转换，以高于外购材料成本的价格出售产出。

Cambridge exam questions in Chapter 1 often ask students to define key terms, calculate added value, explain opportunity cost, and evaluate a small business decision. This worksheet mirrors those question styles.

剑桥考试中第1章常见题型包括：定义关键词、计算附加值、解释机会成本，以及评价小企业决策。本练习模拟这些题型。

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2. Key Concept Check: Business Activity and Added Value | 核心概念自测：商业活动与附加值

Business activity exists to satisfy needs and wants by producing goods and services. It involves transforming inputs such as raw materials, labour and capital into outputs that customers are willing to pay for.

商业活动通过生产商品和服务来满足需求和欲望。它涉及将原材料、劳动力和资本等投入转化为顾客愿意付费购买的产出。

The key definition to learn is added value: it is the difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of bought-in materials used to make it.

需要掌握的核心定义是附加值：它是产品的销售价格与制造该产品所使用的外购材料成本之间的差额。

Term	Definition	中文释义
Enterprise	The process of taking risks, organising resources and making decisions to produce goods or services.	企业精神：承担风险、组织资源并做出决策以生产商品或服务的过程。
Added value	Sales revenue minus the cost of bought-in materials.	附加值：销售收入减去外购材料成本。
Entrepreneur	A person who starts and runs a business, bearing financial and personal risk.	企业家：创办并经营企业，承担财务和个人风险的人。
Intrapreneur	An employee inside an organisation who acts entrepreneurially using company resources.	内部创业者：在组织内部运用公司资源进行创业式创新的员工。
Opportunity cost	The value of the next best alternative that is forgone when a choice is made.	机会成本：做出某种选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。

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3. Entrepreneurs and Intrapreneurs | 企业家与内部创业者

An entrepreneur takes the risk of starting a new business, often using personal savings or borrowed finance. Entrepreneurs are responsible for the key decisions and receive the profits if the business succeeds, but they also bear the losses if it fails.

企业家承担创办新企业的风险，通常使用个人储蓄或借贷资金。企业家负责关键决策，企业成功时获得利润，但失败时也要承担损失。

An intrapreneur is an employee within an existing business who develops new products, processes or projects as if they were their own venture. Intrapreneurs use company money and resources, so they usually face less personal financial risk than entrepreneurs.

内部创业者是现有企业内部的员工，他们像经营自己的项目一样开发新产品、新流程或新项目。内部创业者使用公司的资金和资源，因此通常比企业家承担更少的个人财务风险。

• Entrepreneur: owns the business, bears financial risk, keeps residual profit.
• Intrapreneur: does not own the business, bears lower personal financial risk, receives salary and possibly incentives.
• 企业家：拥有企业，承担财务风险，保留剩余利润。
• 内部创业者：不拥有企业，个人财务风险较低，获得薪水和可能的激励。

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4. Factors of Production and the Role of Enterprise | 生产要素与企业的作用

In Chapter 1, enterprise is one of the four factors of production. The other three are land, labour and capital. Enterprise organises the other three factors and takes the initiative to produce goods or services.

在第1章中，企业精神是四种生产要素之一。另外三种是土地、劳动力和资本。企业精神组织其他三种要素，并主动承担生产商品或服务的责任。

Factor	Meaning	Example	中文示例
Land	Natural resources	Farmland, minerals	农田、矿产
Labour	Human effort	Bakery staff, drivers	烘焙员工、司机
Capital	Man-made tools and equipment	Ovens, delivery vans	烤箱、送货车
Enterprise	Risk-taking and innovation	Decision to open a bakery	决定开设面包店

Exam questions may ask you to identify the factor of production used in a case study. Always link the example to the correct factor and avoid general answers.

考试题目可能要求你识别案例中使用的生产要素。始终将例子与正确的要素相联系，避免笼统作答。

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5. Opportunity Cost and Trade-offs | 机会成本与权衡

Every business decision involves an opportunity cost because resources are scarce. If an entrepreneur uses savings to start a bakery, the opportunity cost could be the interest income or salary sacrificed.

每个商业决策都会产生机会成本，因为资源是稀缺的。如果企业家用储蓄开办面包店，机会成本可能是所放弃的利息收入或工资。

In Chapter 1, opportunity cost is often tested through short calculations. For example, if $20,000 is taken out of a savings account paying 3% interest per year, the annual opportunity cost is $600.

在第1章中，机会成本经常通过简短计算来考查。例如，如果从年利率3%的储蓄账户中取出20,000美元，那么每年的机会成本就是600美元。

Opportunity cost = $20,000 × 3% = $600 per year

机会成本 = 20,000美元 × 3% = 每年600美元

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6. Added Value Calculation and Interpretation | 附加值计算与分析

Added value only subtracts the cost of bought-in materials, not all business costs. It measures the value the business itself has added during production or service delivery.

附加值只扣除外购材料成本，而不会扣除所有经营成本。它衡量企业在生产或服务提供过程中自身增加的价值。

Added value = sales revenue − cost of bought-in materials

附加值 = 销售收入 − 外购材料成本

A baker who buys flour, butter and sugar for $2.40 per cake and sells each cake for $6.00 creates an added value of $3.60 per cake. This is not profit because the baker still has to pay rent, wages, electricity and marketing costs.

如果一位面包师为每个蛋糕花费2.40美元购买面粉、黄油和糖，并以6.00美元出售，那么每个蛋糕创造的附加值是3.60美元。这不是利润，因为面包师仍需支付租金、工资、电费和营销成本。

• Increase added value by raising selling price, improving product quality or brand reputation.
• Increase added value by finding cheaper suppliers without lowering quality.
• 提高附加值的方法包括提高售价、改善产品质量或品牌声誉。
• 通过寻找更便宜的供应商且不降低质量也能提高附加值。

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7. Worksheet Task A: Definitions and Short Answers | 练习题A：定义与简答

Answer all five questions. Use clear definitions and apply them to a small business context where asked.

请回答以下五个问题。要求使用清晰的定义，并在需要时结合小企业情境作答。

Question A1. Define ‘enterprise’.

问题A1：定义’企业精神’。

Question A2. Explain why adding value is important to a business.

问题A2：解释为什么附加值对企业很重要。

Question A3. Distinguish between an entrepreneur and an intrapreneur.

问题A3：区分企业家与内部创业者。

Question A4. Identify two factors of production and give one example of each.

问题A4：指出两种生产要素，并各举一个例子。

Question A5. A sole trader uses savings of $20,000 to start a bakery instead of leaving the money in a bank account paying 3% interest per year. State the annual opportunity cost.

问题A5：一个个体经营者使用20,000美元储蓄开办面包店，而不是将钱

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