📚 Chapter 29 Worksheet: Globalisation and International Business | 第29章 全球化与国际商务
This worksheet revision guide covers Chapter 29 of the Cambridge International AS and A Level Business syllabus. It focuses on globalisation, multinational companies, foreign direct investment, trade protection, exchange rates and global marketing. Use the practice questions and exam tips to test your understanding and build strong analytical skills.
本工作表复习指南涵盖剑桥国际 AS 与 A Level 商务课程第 29 章。内容聚焦于全球化、跨国公司、外国直接投资、贸易保护、汇率以及全球营销。使用文中的练习题与考试技巧来检测理解程度，并培养扎实的分析能力。
1. Defining Globalisation | 全球化的定义
Globalisation is the increasing integration of national economies into a single international network. In business, it means firms source inputs, produce and sell in multiple countries, and face competitors from every continent. Globalisation covers trade, investment, technology, finance and labour movement.
全球化是指各国经济日益融入统一的国际网络。对企业而言，这意味着企业在多个国家采购投入品、生产和销售，并面临来自全球各地的竞争者。全球化涉及贸易、投资、科技、金融和劳动力流动等方面。
Key terms include imports, exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), offshoring and supply chains. A globalised business coordinates activities across borders to lower costs, access resources and reach new customers.
关键词包括进口、出口、外国直接投资（FDI）、离岸外包和供应链。全球化企业协调跨境活动，以降低成本、获取资源并接触新客户。
- Globalisation – increasing cross-border movement of goods, services, capital and labour. | 全球化——商品、服务、资本和劳动力的跨境流动日益增加。
- Offshoring – moving production or services to another country. | 离岸外包——将生产或服务转移至其他国家。
- Supply chain – the network of firms involved in producing and delivering a product. | 供应链——参与产品生产和交付的企业网络。
2. Key Drivers of Globalisation | 全球化的主要驱动因素
Several forces have accelerated globalisation. Trade liberalisation has reduced tariffs and quotas through the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and free trade agreements. Lower trade barriers make it easier for firms to export and import.
多种力量加速了全球化进程。贸易自由化通过世界贸易组织（WTO）和自由贸易协定降低了关税与配额。更低的贸易壁垒使企业更容易开展进出口业务。
Technology is a second major driver. The internet enables instant communication, e-commerce and digital marketing across the world. Containerisation has cut transport costs, while improvements in logistics allow firms to manage complex global supply chains.
科技是第二大驱动因素。互联网使全球即时通信、电子商务和数字营销成为可能。集装箱运输降低了运输成本，而物流水平的提升使企业能够管理复杂的全球供应链。
The rise of emerging markets such as China, India and Vietnam has also shaped globalisation. These countries offer large consumer markets and lower labour costs, attracting multinational investment. In addition, financial integration and deregulation allow capital to move quickly across borders.
中国、印度和越南等新兴市场的崛起也推动了全球化。这些国家提供庞大的消费市场和较低的劳动力成本，吸引了跨国投资。此外，金融一体化和放松管制使资本能够快速跨境流动。
3. Opportunities of Globalisation for Business | 全球化为企业带来的机遇
Globalisation offers businesses the chance to expand sales beyond domestic markets. A larger customer base can increase revenue and reduce dependence on one economy. For example, a UK retailer can sell online to consumers in Europe, Asia and the Americas.
全球化为企业提供了扩大国内以外市场的销售机会。更大的客户群可以增加收入，并减少对单一经济体的依赖。例如，一家英国零售商可以通过网络向欧洲、亚洲和美洲的消费者销售产品。
Firms can also achieve economies of scale by producing on a global scale. Spreading fixed costs over a much larger output lowers average unit costs. In addition, global sourcing allows firms to buy raw materials and components from the cheapest suppliers.
企业还可以通过全球规模生产来实现规模经济。将固定成本分摊到更大的产量上，可以降低平均单位成本。此外，全球采购使企业能够从价格最低的供应商处购买原材料和零部件。
Other opportunities include access to new technologies, skilled talent and lower production costs through offshoring. Global firms can also diversify risk: if one national market weakens, sales in another market may remain strong.
其他机遇包括获取新技术、技术人才以及通过离岸外包降低生产成本。全球企业还可以分散风险：如果一个国家的市场走弱，另一个市场的销售可能依然强劲。
4. Threats of Globalisation for Business | 全球化给企业带来的威胁
Globalisation also increases competition. Domestic firms must compete with international rivals that may have lower costs, stronger brands or better technology. Small local businesses can struggle to survive against large multinational companies.
全球化也加剧了竞争。国内企业必须与国际竞争对手竞争，而对方可能拥有更低的成本、更强的品牌或更先进的技术。小型本地企业可能难以与大型跨国公司抗衡。
Exchange rate volatility is another major threat. A sudden appreciation of the home currency can make exports more expensive and reduce competitiveness abroad. Political and legal risks also rise when firms operate in multiple countries with different regulations and levels of stability.
汇率波动是另一大威胁。本币突然升值会使出口商品更贵，削弱海外竞争力。当企业在多个国家运营时，不同法规和稳定程度也会增加政治与法律风险。
Supply chains become longer and more complex, increasing the risk of delays, quality problems and negative publicity over ethical issues. Managing operations across different time zones, languages and cultures can also raise communication and coordination costs.
供应链变得更长、更复杂，增加了延迟、质量问题以及因道德问题引发负面舆论的风险。跨时区、跨语言和跨文化的运营管理也会提高沟通和协调成本。
5. Multinational Companies (MNCs) | 跨国公司
A multinational company (MNC) is a business with production or service operations in more than one country. MNCs often have headquarters in one country and subsidiaries, factories or offices in several others. Examples include car manufacturers, technology giants and fast-moving consumer goods firms.
跨国公司（MNC）是指在多个国家拥有生产或服务运营的企业。跨国公司通常在一个国家设立总部，并在其他多个国家设有子公司、工厂或办事处。例如汽车制造商、科技巨头和快速消费品公司。
For host countries, MNCs can bring jobs, tax revenue, technology transfer and competition. They may train local workers and introduce modern management methods, raising productivity in the local economy.
对东道国而言，跨国公司可以带来就业、税收、技术转让和竞争。它们可能培训本地工人并引入现代管理方法，从而提高当地经济生产率。
However, criticisms include profit repatriation, exploitation of low-wage workers, environmental damage and the use of transfer pricing to reduce tax bills. MNCs may also move production quickly when better incentives appear elsewhere, leaving host communities vulnerable.
然而，批评声音包括利润汇回、对低薪工人的剥削、环境破坏以及利用转移定价减少税负。当其他地方出现更好的激励政策时，跨国公司也可能迅速转移生产，使东道国社区陷入被动。
6. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) | 外国直接投资
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a business invests in operations outside its home country, such as building a factory, buying a foreign firm or establishing a joint venture. FDI is different from portfolio investment because it involves management control.
外国直接投资（FDI）是指企业在母国以外投资经营，例如建厂、收购外国公司或建立合资企业。FDI 不同于证券投资，因为它涉及管理控制权。
Businesses choose FDI locations based on factors such as market size, political stability, tax incentives, infrastructure, labour costs and legal protection. A firm may choose a greenfield investment to build a new facility, or an acquisition to quickly access an existing customer base.
企业选择 FDI 地点时考虑的因素包括市场规模、政治稳定性、税收优惠、基础设施、劳动力成本和法律保护。企业可以选择绿地投资建设新设施，也可以通过收购快速进入现有客户群。
FDI can benefit the investing firm by lowering costs and opening new markets. For the host country, FDI can create employment, boost exports and transfer skills. However, host governments may be concerned about loss of domestic control and profit outflows.
FDI 可以通过降低成本和开拓新市场使投资企业受益。对东道国而言，FDI 可以创造就业、促进出口并传递技能。但东道国政府也可能担心失去本国控制权以及利润外流。
7. International Trade and Protectionism | 国际贸易与贸易保护主义
Free trade allows countries to specialise in products where they have a comparative advantage. This can lower prices, widen consumer choice and raise global output. However, governments sometimes use protectionism to shield domestic
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