Contestable Markets | 可竞争市场

📚 Contestable Markets | 可竞争市场

In A-Level Economics, a contestable market is often tested because it challenges the traditional view that competition depends mainly on the number of firms. A market can be highly concentrated in terms of market share, yet firms may still set prices close to competitive levels if entry and exit are easy. The key idea is that potential competition can discipline incumbent firms just as effectively as actual competition.

在 A-Level 经济学中，可竞争市场是常考概念，因为它挑战了传统观点，即竞争主要取决于企业数量。一个市场可能市场份额高度集中，但如果进入和退出很容易，企业仍可能将价格定在接近竞争水平。核心理念是：潜在竞争可以像实际竞争一样有效地约束在位企业。

1. What Is a Contestable Market? | 什么是可竞争市场

A contestable market is one in which there are no significant barriers to entry or exit, and where the costs of entering and leaving are so low that new firms can enter quickly whenever they see a profit opportunity. The theory was developed by William Baumol, John Panzar and Robert Willig in the early 1980s. It shifts the focus from the actual number of firms to the ease with which firms can enter and leave the market.

可竞争市场是指进入或退出没有重大壁垒、进入和离开成本非常低的市场，因此新企业只要看到盈利机会就可以迅速进入。该理论由 William Baumol、John Panzar 和 Robert Willig 在 20 世纪 80 年代初提出。它把分析重点从企业的实际数量转移到企业进入和退出市场的容易程度。

In this framework, a market can be served by only one firm, but that firm may still be forced to behave as if it faced strong competition. The reason is simple: if it earns supernormal profits, new entrants will be attracted. If entry is costless, those entrants can capture profit and leave before the incumbent can respond. Thus, the threat of entry alone reduces the scope for exploiting market power.

在这个框架中，一个市场可以只有一家企业提供服务，但该企业仍可能被迫表现得好像面临激烈竞争。原因很简单：

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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