📚 Glossary of Cambridge A-Level Biology Key Terms | 剑桥 A-Level 生物核心术语表
This glossary defines and explains the key biological terms that frequently appear in the Cambridge International A-Level Biology syllabus. Each term is paired with its Chinese equivalent to help bilingual learners consolidate understanding and revise efficiently.
本词汇表定义并解释了剑桥国际 A-Level 生物课程中频繁出现的关键生物学术语。每个术语均配有中文对照，帮助双语学习者巩固理解并高效复习。
1. Cell Structure | 细胞结构
Eukaryotic cell — a cell that contains a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope and possesses membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.
真核细胞 — 含有由核膜包裹的真正细胞核，并具有线粒体、内质网等膜性细胞器的细胞。
Prokaryotic cell — a cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Its circular DNA lies free in the cytoplasm, and ribosomes are smaller 70S particles.
原核细胞 — 没有真正细胞核和膜性细胞器的细胞。其环状 DNA 游离在细胞质中，核糖体为较小的 70S 颗粒。
Organelle — a specialised structure within a cell that carries out a specific function, such as the mitochondrion, chloroplast or Golgi apparatus.
细胞器 — 细胞内执行特定功能的特化结构，例如线粒体、叶绿体或高尔基体。
Magnification — the number of times larger an image appears compared with the actual size of the object. It is calculated as image size divided by actual size.
放大倍数 — 图像比物体实际尺寸大的倍数。计算方法为图像尺寸除以实际尺寸。
Resolution — the ability of a microscope to distinguish two close points as separate objects. Higher resolution gives clearer, more detailed images.
分辨率 — 显微镜区分两个相邻点并将其视为独立物体的能力。分辨率越高，图像越清晰、细节越丰富。
2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Monomer — a small repeating unit that can bond with other similar units to form a polymer. Examples include glucose, amino acids and nucleotides.
单体 — 能与其他相似单元结合形成聚合物的基本重复单元。例如葡萄糖、氨基酸和核苷酸。
Polymer — a large molecule made up of many repeating monomers joined by covalent bonds. Starch, proteins and DNA are all polymers.
聚合物 — 由许多重复单体通过共价键连接而成的大分子。淀粉、蛋白质和 DNA 都是聚合物。
Glycosidic bond — a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides during a condensation reaction. It can be broken by hydrolysis.
糖苷键 — 两个单糖在缩合反应中形成的共价键。该键可被水解反应打断。
Peptide bond — a covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another during condensation. It links amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
肽键 — 一个氨基酸的氨基与另一个氨基酸的羧基在缩合反应中形成的共价键。它连接多肽链中的氨基酸。
Phospholipid — a lipid molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group. It is amphipathic and forms the bilayer of cell membranes.
磷脂 — 由甘油、两条脂肪酸尾和一个磷酸基团组成的脂质分子。它具有两亲性，构成细胞膜的磷脂双分子层。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzyme — a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being used up in the reaction.
酶 — 一种生物催化剂，通常是蛋白质，通过降低活化能来加快化学反应，而在反应中自身不被消耗。
Active site — the specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place. Its shape and chemical properties are complementary to the substrate.
活性位点 — 酶上与底物结合并发生反应的特定区域。其形状和化学性质与底物互补。
Vmax — the maximum rate of reaction for a given enzyme concentration. It is reached when all active sites are saturated with substrate.
Vmax — 在一定酶浓度下的最大反应速率。当所有活性位点均被底物饱和时达到该速率。
Competitive inhibitor — a molecule with a shape similar to the substrate that binds reversibly to the active site, blocking the substrate. Increasing substrate concentration can reduce its effect.
竞争性抑制剂 — 形状与底物相似的分子，可逆地与活性位点结合，从而阻止底物结合。增加底物浓度可减弱其抑制作用。
Non-competitive inhibitor — a molecule that binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind. Increasing substrate concentration does not overcome the effect.
非竞争性抑制剂 — 与酶的别构位点结合，改变活性位点形状，使底物无法再结合。增加底物浓度不能消除其抑制作用。
4. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
Fluid mosaic model — the model describing membrane structure as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded or attached. Components can move laterally within the bilayer.
流动镶嵌模型 — 将膜结构描述为流动的磷脂双分子层，其中嵌入或附着蛋白质。各组分可在双分子层内横向移动。
Diffusion — the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process requiring no metabolic energy.
扩散 — 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域沿浓度梯度进行的净移动。这是一种被动过程，不需要代谢能。
Osmosis — the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane.
渗透 — 水分子通过选择透过性膜从高水势区域向低水势区域的净移动。
Facilitated diffusion — the passive movement of ions or polar molecules across a membrane through channel proteins or carrier proteins, down a concentration gradient.
易化扩散 — 离子或极性分子通过通道蛋白或载体蛋白、沿浓度梯度跨膜的被动运输。
Active transport — the movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against their concentration gradient. It requires energy from ATP and uses carrier proteins.
主动运输 — 分子或离子逆浓度梯度跨膜移动。该过程需要 ATP 提供能量并使用载体蛋白。
5. Cell Division and Genetics | 细胞分裂与遗传
Mitosis — nuclear division that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. It is important for growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
有丝分裂 — 产生两个遗传相同的二倍体子细胞的核分裂。它对生物体的生长、修复和无性生殖具有重要意义。
Meiosis — cell division that produces four genetically varied haploid gametes. It involves two divisions: homologous chromosomes separate first, then sister chromatids separate.
减数分裂 — 产生四个遗传上有差异的单倍体配子的细胞分裂。它涉及两次分裂：同源染色体先分离，然后姐妹染色单体分离。
Allele — an alternative form of a gene located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. Alleles may be dominant or recessive.
等位基因 — 位于同源染色体同一基因座上的基因的不同形式。等位基因可以是显性或隐性。
Genotype — the genetic constitution of an organism, referring to the combination of alleles it possesses for a particular characteristic.
基因型 — 生物体的遗传组成，指其拥有的控制某一性状的等位基因组合。
Phenotype — the observable characteristics of an organism. It results from the interaction between the genotype and the environment.
表型 — 生物体可观察到的特征。它是基因型与环境相互作用的结果。
6. DNA and Protein Synthesis | DNA 与蛋白质合成
Nucleotide — the monomer of nucleic acids. It consists of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.
核苷酸 — 核酸的单体。它由磷酸基团、戊糖和含氮碱基组成，碱基包括腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶、胞嘧啶、鸟嘌呤或尿嘧啶。
Gene — a sequence of DNA bases that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or for a functional RNA molecule. It occupies a specific locus on a chromosome.
基因 — 一段 DNA 碱基序列，负责编码多肽的氨基酸序列或功能性 RNA 分子。它位于染色体上的特定基因座。
Transcription — the synthesis of messenger RNA using a DNA template. RNA polymerase binds to the gene and assembles a complementary mRNA strand in the nucleus.
转录 — 以 DNA 为模板合成信使 RNA 的过程。RNA 聚合酶结合到基因上，在细胞核内组装互补的 mRNA 链。
Translation — the synthesis of a polypeptide at a ribosome. Transfer RNA molecules carry amino acids, and their anticodons pair with complementary codons on the mRNA strand.
翻译 — 在核糖体上合成多肽的过程。转运 RNA 携带氨基酸，其反密码子与 mRNA 链上的互补密码子配对。
Mutation — a change in the base sequence of DNA. Mutations may be substitutions, insertions or deletions, and can produce new alleles.
突变 — DNA 碱基序列的改变。突变可包括替换、插入或缺失，并可能产生新的等位基因。
7. Transport in Animals and Plants | 动植物运输
Xylem — vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral ions from the roots to the leaves. It is made of dead, hollow cells with thickened lignin walls.
木质部 — 将水与溶解的矿物离子从根部运输到叶片的维管组织。它由具有木质化加厚壁的死细胞组成，细胞中空。
Phloem — vascular tissue that transports sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks in the process of translocation. It contains sieve tube elements and companion cells.
韧皮部 — 在运输过程中将蔗糖和氨基酸从源运输到库的维管组织。它包含筛管分子和伴胞。
Transpiration — the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly through stomata. It creates a water potential gradient that helps pull water up the xylem.
蒸腾作用 — 水分以水蒸气的形式从植物地上部分散失，主要通过气孔进行。它形成水势梯度，有助于将水沿木质部向上拉动。
Translocation — the active transport of assimilates such as sucrose in the phloem from a source to a sink. It requires metabolic energy and involves loading and unloading.
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